Introduction Availability and accessibility of a safe COVID-19 vaccine do not necessarily guarantee an effective means to mitigate the pandemic. However, the fragile hero’s or health care worker's attitude toward the vaccine is of paramount importance to promote its acceptance. So, the current review aims to provide the latest assessment of healthcare workers’ attitudes toward the COVID-19 vaccination and its contributing factor worldwide. Methods Peer-reviewed surveys in English indexed via an electronic database in Google Scholar, Science Direct and PubMed were systematically searched. The review was carried out per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA-2009) and registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021265534). Results Originally 8039 articles were searched from three databases PubMed, Science direct, and Google scholar. Finally, 24 studies met the inclusion criteria and made the root for the estimates of the attitude of COVID -19 vaccinations. In about two-thirds of the studies, respondents showed a positive attitude (≥50%) toward COVID-19 vaccination. However, in about one-quarter of the studies, a negative attitude (<50%) against vaccination was reported. Factors related to the attitude of healthcare workers toward COVID-19 vaccination include age, sex, profession, concerns about the safety of vaccines and fear of COVID-19, trust in the accuracy of the measures taken by the government, flu vaccination during the previous season, comorbid chronic illness, history of recommendation, and depression symptoms in the past week. Conclusion Although most studies report that healthcare workers have a positive attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination, quite a few surveys mention negative attitudes towards the use of vaccines, which may reflect missed opportunities or challenges for the international efforts aimed at mitigating the pandemic. Still, we need to continue to make more efforts to change the attitudes of the uncertain healthcare workers to increase the uptake of the vaccine and deal with the multi-faceted impact of infection.

Background Drug-related problem (DRP) is an event involving drugs that can impact the patient’s desired goal of therapy. In hospitalized patients, DRPs happen during the whole process of drug use such as during prescription, dispensing, administration, and follow-up of their treatment. Unrecognized and unresolved DRPs lead to significant drug-related morbidity and mortality. Several studies conducted in different hospitals and countries showed a high incidence of DRPs among hospitalized patients. Despite the available gaps, there were scanties of studies conducted on DRPs among patients admitted to medical wards in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study assessed the magnitude of drug-related problems and associated factors among patients admitted to the medical wards of selected Southwestern Ethiopian hospitals. Patients and methods A multicenter prospective observational study was conducted at medical wards of Mettu Karl Hospital, Bedele General Hospital and Darimu General Hospital. Adult patients greater than 18 years who were admitted to the non-intensive care unit (ICU) of medical wards and with more than 48 h of length of stay were included. Identified DRPs were recorded and classified using the pharmaceutical care network Europe foundation classification system and adverse drug reaction was assessed using the Naranjo algorithm of adverse drug reaction probability scale. Hill-Bone Compliance to High Blood Pressure Therapy Scale was used to measure medication adherence. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the associations between the dependent variable and independent variables. Result Of the 313 study participants, 178 (56.9%) were males. The prevalence of actual or potential DRPs among study participants taking at least a single drug was 212 (67.7%). About 125 (36.63%) patients had one or more co-morbid disease and the average duration of hospital stay of 7.14 ± 4.731 days. A total of 331 DRPs were identified with an average 1.06 DRP per patient. The three-leading categories of DRPs were unnecessary prescription of drugs 92 (27.79%), non-adherence (17.22%) and dose too high (16.92%). The most common drugs associated with DRPs were ceftriaxone (28.37%), cimetidine (14.88%), and diclofenac (14.42%). The area of residence (AOR = 2.550, 95CI%: 1.238–5.253, p = 0.011), hospital stay more than 7 days (AOR = 9.785, 95CI%: 4.668–20.511, p≤0.001), poly pharmacy (AOR = 3.229, 95CI%: 1.433–7.278, p = 0.005) were predictors of drug-related problem in multivariable logistic regression analysis. Conclusion The magnitude of drug therapy problems among patients admitted to the medical wards of study settings was found to be high. Therefore, the clinical pharmacy services should be established in hospitals to tackle the DTPs in this area. Additionally, healthcare providers of hospitals also should create awareness for patients seeking care from health facilities of the importance of rational drug usage.

Background Asthma is a major public health challenge in the world resulting in significant health and economic burden. The modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors could have considerable impact on asthma control and medical care. Objective This study is intended to evaluate the treatment outcome and identify risk factors for poor asthma control among patients with asthma in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods A multicentre cross-sectional study using interview and chart review was conducted among patients with asthma attending ambulatory care of two large public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, between March and June 2018. The Global Initiative for Asthma Guideline was used to determine treatment outcomes. The variables of interest were described using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviations. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with uncontrolled asthma. All statistical significance level was determined at p < 0.05. Results A total of 230 patients with asthma were interviewed. More than half (65.2%) of patients were females, and their mean age was 54 ± 15.1 years. Overall, 50.4% of the patients had uncontrolled asthma status. More than two number of trigger factors (AOR = 1.88; 95% CI: 1.09–2.01), cold weather (AOR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.51–2.42), exacerbations of asthma in the last 12 months (AOR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.39–2.32), moderate persistent asthma (AOR = 3.47; 95% CI: 1.75–5.13), severe persistent asthma (AOR = 2.90; 95% CI: 2.56–3.98), patients on Salbutamol puff with Beclomethasone (AOR = 2.92; 95% CI: 2.50–3.45) and patients on Salbutamol puff with Beclomethasone and Prednisolone (AOR = 5.76; 95% CI: 4.02–6.02) use were significantly associated with uncontrolled asthma. Conclusion More than half of patients with asthma had uncontrolled asthma treatment outcome. This indicates the need to give due attention to asthma patients with uncontrolled status, particularly to those with identified risk factors. Health care providers should work in creating patient awareness on appropriate use of their prescribed medications, avoidance of asthma triggering factors for decreasing the progression of the disease and better asthma control.

Background: Asthma is a major public health challenge in the world resulting in significant health and economic burden. The modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors could have considerable impact on Asthma control and medical care. Our goal was to evaluate the treatment outcome and identify risk factors for poor asthma control among asthmatic patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: A multicentre cross-sectional study using interview and chart review was conducted among asthmatic patients attending ambulatory care of two large public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia between March and June 2018. The Global Initiative for Asthma Guideline was used to determine treatment outcomes. The variables of interest were described using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviations. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with uncontrolled asthma. All statistical significance level was determined at p<0.05.  Result: A total of 230 asthmatic patients were interviewed. More than half (65.2%) of patients were females and their mean age was 54±15.1 years. Overall, 50.4% of the patients had uncontrolled asthma status. More than two number of trigger factors (AOR=1.88; 95%CI:1.09-2.01), cold weather (AOR=2.11;95%CI: 1.51-2.42), exacerbations of asthma in the last 12 months (AOR=2.01;95%CI:1.39-2.32), moderate persistent asthma (AOR=3.47;95%CI:1.75-5.13), severe persistent asthma (AOR=2.90;95%CI:2.56-3.98) and Salbutamol Puff alone regimen (AOR=2.30;95%CI:2.01-2.76) use were significantly associated with uncontrolled asthma. Conclusion: More than half of asthmatic patients had uncontrolled asthma treatment outcome. This indicates the need to give due attention to asthma patients with uncontrolled status particularly to those with identified risk factors. Health care providers should work in creating patient awareness on appropriate use of their prescribed medications, avoidance of asthma triggering factors for decreasing the progression of the disease and better asthma control.