The study was conducted from November 2015 to April 2016 to estimate the prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis in lactating cows, to assess the associated risk factors, and to isolate the major bacterial pathogens in dairy farms in selected district of Eastern Harrarghe Zone, Eastern Ethiopia. The study was carried out in 384 dairy cows based on data collection, farm visit, animal examination, California mastitis test (CMT), and isolation bacterial pathogens using standard techniques. In the present study the overall mastitis at cow level was 247 (64.3%). The prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis and quarter level prevalence for clinical and subclinical mastitis were 12.5% and 51.8% at cow level and 10.7% and 46.4% at quarter level, respectively. Clinically, 101 (6.6%) quarters which belong to 75 (19.5%) animals were found to be with blind teat. In the present study prevalence of mastitis was significantly associated with parity and age (p < 0.05). Bacteriological examination of milk sample revealed 187 isolates where coagulase negative Staphylococcus species (CNS) (34.2%) was the predominant species while Streptococcus faecalis (2.1%) was identified as the least bacteria. The present study concluded that prevalence of mastitis particularly the subclinical mastitis was major problem of dairy cows in the area and hence warrants serious attention.

This study was conducted in Dembecha Woreda of Amhara region, Northwest Ethiopia. The study was carried out on 384 indigenous cattle kept in mixed crop-livestock production system to estimate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and associated risk factors. The study employed parasitological survey (buffy coat examination) and hematological study (packed cell volume [PCV] and thin blood smear). In the present study, the overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 8.6% (33/384). Trypanosoma congolense (54.54%) and Trypanosome vivax (45.45%) were the only two species of Trypanosomas encountered in the study area. Among the risk factors, sex and age were found to have no significant association with the prevalence of trypanosomosis (p>0.05), but body condition and coat color of animals were found to have a significant association (p<0.05) with prevalence of trypanosomosis in the studied animals. In this study infected animals were with mean PCV value of 22.94 ± 2.70% which is significantly lower (p<0.05) than that of the non-infected animals (27.24 ± 5.02%). The study concluded that Trypanosomosis being an economically important disease in cattle the 8.6% prevalence entail that more attention should be given to be adapting on integrated disease control strategy including the vector as well as the parasites.

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and types of ectoparasite faunas and the associated host-related risk factors in free scavenging chickens in Wolayita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Physical examination that involves hand picking and skin scrapping and laboratory investigation was employed in a total 450 chickens (198 male and 252 female).The present study revealed an overall prevalence of 40% (180/450). Three genera and seven species of ectoparasites were identified. Of the three genera, mites were the dominant ones (24.9%) followed by lice (13.8%) and ticks (1.3%).Among the seven species of ectoparasites, Cnemidocoptes mutans (61.1 %) was the most prevalent species followed by Cuclotogaster heterographus (8.9%) a nd Menopon gallinae(8.9%); Goniocotes gallinae(8.3%) and Menacanthus stramineus(8.3%), while Argaspersicus 3.3%(6/180) was the least identified. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in prevalence of ectoparasites with regard to sex, age and breeds of chickens except for Cnemidocoptes mutans which was more significantly (p<0.05) prevalent in adults than growers and chicks, in local than exotic breeds, and in female th an male chickens. This study revealed diverse fauna of ectoparasite in backyard chickens in the study area; hence integrated control strategies should be put in place to boost chicken productivity.

Cross-sectional study was conducted from November, 2009 to May, 2010 to determine the seroprevalence of infectious bursal disease (IBD) in backyard chickens and to identify the likely potential risk factors in selected sites in Central Oromia, Ethiopia. The study methods involved collection of serum samples, questionnaire surveys, and serological task conducted in laboratories. Accordingly, a total of 276 local backyard chickens were sampled. The sampling involved all chickens at different age groups of both sexes and with no history of previous vaccination against IBD. The samples were processed by using ProFLOK® PLUS indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Out of 276 serum samples tested, 227 were positive for indirect ELISA technique and the overall prevalence of IBD in the study area was found to be 82.2% (227/276). The prevalence of IBD was significantly influenced by site (X 2 = 44.353, P = 0.000). However, no significant difference was observed between age groups (X 2 = 0.535, P = 0.464) and sex (X 2 = 0.25, P = 0.870). The questionnaire also revealed that all the chickens raised in the household were non-vaccinated (100%), majority of them (70%) used own source of replacement chickens and 60% of the house hold poultry producers have no information about the disease. Furthermore, 70% of the farmers did not use disinfectants. Therefore, it can be concluded that IBD have high prevalence in Central Oromia, Ethiopia, and serious attention is warranted.

A cross-sectional study was conducted from November, 2016 to April, 2017 to estimate the prevalence of lungworm infection and its associated risk factors, and to identify predominant species of lungworms in small ruminants in and around Mekelle town, Tigray, northern Ethiopia. In this study both coproscopic examination and Berman techniques were employed on a total of 384 fecal samples of small ruminants (218 sheep and 166 goats) of different age groups and both sexes. The overall prevalence of lungworm infection in small ruminant was found to be 23.4%, where goats (25.9%) were more susceptible than sheep (21.6%). In the present study the highest prevalence was observed in goats (25.9%) than in sheep (21.6%). Regarding age, the highest prevalence was observed in animals <1 years (31.7%), followed by 1-3 years (23.5%) and >3 years (18.2%). Animals with poor body condition have higher prevalence than (27.5%), medium (26%) and good (18.1%) ones. Furthermore, animals kept under extensive management system have highest prevalence (25.8%) than those kept under semi-intensive management system (17.7%). The study revealed that there was no statistical significant difference (p>0.05) between prevalence of lungworm infection and risk factors such as species, age, sex, body condition and management system. In the present study Dictyocaulus filarial was found to be the highest in prevalence (11.4%) followed by Muellerius capillaris (6.25%); while Protostrongylus rufescens was found the least prevalent (4.16%) and mixed infection (1.04%) and the difference was statistical significant (p<0.05). Hence, it was concluded that lungworm infection is quite prevalent in the present study and warrants implementation of economically acceptable control measures both on the hosts and the intermediate host.