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A retrospective clinical evaluation of 1,314 cast gold restorations in 114 patients placed by one practitioner was conducted. A very high percentage of patients contacted (114/116 [98.3%]) participated in the evaluation. Almost 90% of the restorations had been in service for over 9 years, 72% for over 20 years, and 45% from 25 to 52 years. All restorations had been cemented using zinc phosphate cement. The restorations were evaluated by independent evaluators in terms of marginal integrity, anatomic form, and surface texture, and 96% of the evaluations were excellent (Figures 1-5). Sixty restorations required removal and replacement, yielding an overall failure rate of 4.6% or a survival rate of 95.4%. The survival rates at various time periods were 97% at 9 years, 90.3% at 20 years, 94.9% at 25 years, 98% at 29 years, 96.9% at 39 years, and 94.1% for restorations in place > 40 years. It appears that properly fabricated cast gold inlays, onlays, partial veneer crowns, and full veneer crowns can provide extremely predictable, long-term restorative service. It is suggested that the use of such restorations should not be automatically precluded simply because they are gold colored. These restorations should be considered in patients who are more concerned with longevity than esthetics, and in those patients in whom placement of a conservative cast gold restoration would not result in an unesthetic display of metal.

High rates of manure were added to field plots of a Holtville silty clay (Typic Torrifluvents) soil in an irrigated desert region, and their effects on the soils' chemical and physical properties were measured for 9 years.Manure applications resulted in large losses of nitrogen (N), increased potassium (K) levels, increased phosphorus (P) availability, increased water intake rates during the growing season, and an N mineralization rate of about 5% after the first year. At high rates of manure application only 42% of the N applied could be accounted for. One application of 180 t/ha of manure in 1971 doubled the NaHCO3‐extractable P levels in the soil in 1979 compared with that of plots that did not receive manure. The application of manure had only a small or no effect on the water intake rate when it was measured between cropping periods on plots that had been recently tilled, but differences were large when water intake rates were measured while the crop was growing. The increased water infiltration rates during the growing season would be important because of increased crop yields in areas affected by salinity.

Background/Aims This in vitro study compared the remineralization effect on white spot lesions of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate crème, or CPP-ACP (MI Paste™), 1.1% NaF dentifrice containing 5000 ppm of fluoride (ControlRX™), or CPP-ACP crème with 900 ppm of fluoride (MI Paste Plus™) with that of a control. Methods Artificial white spot lesions were created on smooth enamel surfaces of sound molars using a previously reported demineralization model. Specimens were randomly assigned to four treatments (n=35) with a pH-cycling model over 30 days: Control (no treatment); MI Paste (10% CPP-ACP crème); F5000 (1.1% NaF dentifrice); or MI Paste Plus (10% CPP-ACP plus 900 ppm fluoride crème). Products were applied following manufacturers’ directions. Changes in mean lesion depth expressed by percent fluorescence loss (∆F%), and lesion area (mm2) from baseline to after treatment were measured with light-induced fluorescence (QLF). Mean values of each parameter were compared between groups (p<0.05). Results The remineralization pattern for the F5000 group was unique with marked initial remineralization during the first 10 days and little subsequent change. Based on mean lesion area, the F5000 demonstrated greater remineralization than Control, MI Paste and MI Paste Plus groups. Based on mean fluorescence loss, the F5000 group showed improved remineralization relative to MI Paste Plus, but did not differ statistically from the Control at the end of 30 days. Conclusions The 1.1% NaF dentifrice demonstrated overall greater remineralization ability than 10% CPP-ACP crème. However, the 1.1% NaF dentifrice was only as effective as the Control to reduce fluorescence loss.

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Objective: In this article, the potential oral health consequences of vaping are described. While most dentists are likely aware of the potential serious health effects involved with vaping, the aim of this article was to raise awareness on identified oral health consequences. Clinical considerations:Three patients presented to one dental practice with unusual patterns of dental caries, and all three admitted to regular vaping. Vaping components include propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, and flavors, which contain sucrose, sucralose, and ethyl maltol. The vapor produced by vaping devices is thick and viscous and much of it is retained on oral tissues. There are over 10 000 different vaping liquids, including some that contain tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and vitamin E acetate. Vaping clearly has the potential to negatively affect general health, periodontal health, and accelerate the development of caries. There is also evidence that teenagers are being attracted to vaping in astonishing numbers. Conclusions:The general health consequences of vaping have received considerable attention in the national media. There is much to be learned about the consequences of this behavior. There are also potential serious oral health consequences to vaping.It is likely that the composition of certain vaping solutions may make them more harmful than others Clinical significance: It is important that dental professionals are made aware of the potential problems related to vaping. Initial reports show that the effect of ecigarettes on periodontal tissues is similar to that of conventional cigarettes. Some vaping formulations may be highly cariogenic, especially those with sweet flavors, which are used to attract young people. Patients should be routinely questioned about their vaping habits in the medical-dental history. K E Y W O R D Scarrier, dental caries, nicotine, THC, vaping, vaping solution, viscous aerosol