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The influence of three components of temperament (activity level, impulsivity, and soothability) on children's friendships was investigated. Children (40 girls, 35 boys) aged 43 to 69 months responded to a sociometric interview and teachers provided temperament ratings. The probability of children choosing particular classmates as friends was evaluated based on the genders and temperaments of the dyad. A logistic choice model revealed that the choice of friends is highly influenced by gender, high impulsivity, and high soothability. Furthermore, the gender of the chooser and the activity level of the friend interacted such that girls chose low activity level friends and boys chose high activity level friends. In addition, the likelihood of a child being chosen as a friend based on gender and temperament was significantly correlated with popularity for girls, but not for boys.

The influence of three components of temperament (activity level, impulsivity, and soothability) on children's friendships was investigated. Children (40 girls, 35 boys) aged 43 to 69 months responded to a sociometric interview and teachers provided temperament ratings. The probability of children choosing particular classmates as friends was evaluated based on the genders and temperaments of the dyad. A logistic choice model revealed that the choice of friends is highly influenced by gender, high impulsivity, and high soothability. Furthermore, the gender of the chooser and the activity level of the friend interacted such that girls chose low activity level friends and boys chose high activity level friends. In addition, the likelihood of a child being chosen as a friend based on gender and temperament was significantly correlated with popularity for girls, but not for boys.

Drosophila community composition is complex in temperate regions with different abundance of flies and species across the growing season. Monitoring Drosophila populations provides insights into the phenology of both native and invasive species. Over a single growing season, we collected Drosophila at regular intervals and determined the number of individuals of the nine species we found in Kansas, USA. Species varied in their presence and abundance through the growing season with peak diversity occurring after the highest seasonal temperatures. We developed models for the abundance of the most common species, Drosophila melanogaster , D . simulans , D . algonquin , and the recent invasive species, D . suzukii . These models revealed that temperature played the largest role in abundance of each species across the season. For the two most commonly studied species, D . melanogaster and D . simulans , the best models indicate shifted thermal optima compared to laboratory studies, implying that fluctuating temperature may play a greater role in the physiology and ecology of these insects than indicated by laboratory studies, and should be considered in global climate change studies.