Breast cancer is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Brazil. Some studies have analyzed the potential role of organochlorine compounds in breast cancer etiology. These chemical compounds have been widely used in agriculture and in vector-control programs in Brazil. A case-control study was carried out in the main cancer hospital of the Instituto Nacional de Câncer in Rio de Janeiro to investigate exposure to organochlorinated pesticides as a risk factor for breast cancer. We investigated 177 cases of invasive breast cancer at the hospital, between May 1995 and July 1996, and 350 controls selected among female visitors at the same hospital. In addition to information obtained from interviews, blood samples were taken, to analyze residual amounts of organochlorine by gas chromatography using an electron capture detector. [1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene] (DDE) was determined in sera of 457 women from a total of 493 participants who had serum samples available. Residues of hexachlorobenzene were found in 11 women only. No statistically significant association was found between breast cancer risk and serum level of DDE or history of exposure to pesticides. Serum levels of DDE (ng/ml) were similar in patients (median ؍ 3.1, mean ؍ 5.1) and controls (median ؍ 3.1, mean ؍ 4.8) (p ؍ 0.93). The age-adjusted odds ratio of breast cancer for women in the upper quintile compared with those in the lowest quintile was 0.90 (95% confidence interval 0.47-1.73). When adjusted for other variables, the risk remained not statistically significant (upper quintile odds ratio ؍ 0.79, 95% confidence interval 0.39-1.60). In our hands, exposure to organochlorinated pesticides measured by history or serum analysis was thus not a risk factor for breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer 83:596-600, 1999. Wiley-Liss, Inc.Breast cancer is an important cause of death and morbidity in Brazil, especially in the southeast and south of the country, where the city of Rio de Janeiro is located. In 1995, mortality from breast cancer in Rio de Janeiro was 24.23 per 100,000 women (Ministério da Saúde, 1997).Studies on migrants indicate that environmental factors may have an important role in the etiology of breast cancer. Attention has focused on certain environmental chemical compounds. Experimental evidence shows that organochlorines with xenoestrogenic properties act as carcinogens in animals (Davis et al., 1993). Humans are exposed to these compounds mainly via contaminated food. These compounds accumulate in the human body in adipose tissue and persist for decades, being slowly excreted through feces, urine and lactation (Adami et al., 1995). In epidemiological studies, the association between organochlorine residues in serum or adipose tissue and risk of breast cancer has been inconsistent (Falck et al., 1992;Dewailly et al., 1994;Wolff et al., 1993;Krieger et al., 1994;van't Veer et al., 1997;Hunter et al., 1997; López-Carrillo et al., 1997). Most of these studies were conducted in developed countries, where these compo...
Pesticides in "PERA" orange samples (N = 57) from São Paulo City, Brazil were assessed and the pesticide intake contribution was estimated for chronic risk assessment. Seventy-six pesticides were evaluated by the gas chromatography multi-residue method, including isomers and metabolites (4.332 determinations). The mean recoveries at the limit of quantification level were in the range of 72-115% and the relative standard deviation for five replicate samples was 1-11%. The limits of detection and quantification ranged from 0.005 to 0.4 mg.kg −1 and from 0.01 to 0.8 mg.kg −1, respectively. Pesticides were found in 42.1% of the samples at levels ranging from 0.06 to 2.9 mg.kg −1. Df the contaminated samples, 3.5% contained residues (bifenthrin and clofentezine) above the maximum residue level and 12.3% contained unauthorized pesticides (azinphos-ethyl, parathion, myclobutanil, profenofos, and fenitrothion). The estimated risk characterization for orange intake by adults and children, respectively, ranged from 0.04 to 6.6% and from 0.1 to 26.5% of the acceptable daily intake. The detection of irregular residues emphasizes the need for better implementation of Good Agriculture Practices and greater control of formulated products. Dther pesticides surveyed did not pose a health risk due to consumption.
Serum levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCP) were measured in agricultural workers from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Blood samples from 26 volunteers (24 males, 02 females, 17-60 years old) were taken in October 1997. OCP residues (op'DDT pp'DDT, pp'DDD, pp'DDE, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor-epoxide, alpha-, beta- and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, and hexachlorobenzene) were analyzed by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. Tests detected pp'DDE in 16 out of 26 samples, but pp'DDE concentration exceeded 1.4 µg/L (i.e. 1.8, 2.4 and 4.4 µg/L) in only 3 of these. beta-HCH was found in 6 (23.1%) out of 26 samples. In one sample beta-HCH did not exceed 1.4 µg/L, but in the remaining samples concentrations ranged from 1.4 to 5.3 µg/L. The percentage of positive pp'DDE samples increased from the youngest (<FONT FACE=Symbol>£</FONT>29 yrs: 30.0%) to the oldest age group (<FONT FACE=Symbol>³</FONT> 40 yrs: 100%). A similar trend was found for beta-HCH contamination (<FONT FACE=Symbol>£</FONT> 29 yrs: 0%; 30-39 yrs: 20.0%; <FONT FACE=Symbol>³</FONT>40 yrs: 66.7%). Dieldrin (3.7 µg/L) was found in only one sample. No other OCP residue was found in the samples. Serum concentrations of OCPs found in this study are comparable to levels reported for the non-occupationally exposed population in Brazil and elsewhere.
Atualmente, existe uma preocupação mundial sobre qualidade de vida e um dos requisitos mais importantes é ingerir alimentos seguros e nutritivos. A administração de antibióticos em gado para tratamento de diversas doenças infecciosas tem contribuído para a contaminação do leite industrializado. Por isso, o principal objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um método simples e rápido para identificar e quantificar quatorze antibióticos de diferentes classes em leite, dentre estes: cinco β-lactâmicos, quatro sulfonamidas, três tetraciclinas, um macrolídeo e uma cefalosporina, utilizando sistema de CLAE em modo reverso de eluição com ionização por electrospray e detecção por espectrometria de massas do tipo triploquadrupolo (MS/MS). Esta técnica utilizada em modo de aquisição Monitoramento Múltiplo de Reação (Multiple Reaction Monitoring -MRM) permitiu a determinação dos compostos propostos na faixa de concentração de 0,75 a 375 µg L -1 , com coeficientes de linearidade (r) maiores do que 0,9960, seletividade, sensibilidade e velocidade, com tempo total de análise menor do que 10 minutos. Os compostos dicloxacilina e eritromicina apresentaram o maior e menor resultado de limite de decisão (ccα) igual a 0,05 e 9,77 µg L -1 , respectivamente. Em geral, os resultados de recuperação foram de 65 a 125%, com valores de desvio padrão de 2,0 a 15%. Este método também foi aplicado para avaliar a qualidade de diferentes marcas de leite integral disponíveis no mercado brasileiro.There is a common worldwide concern about the quality of life and one of the most important requirements is to ingest safe and nutritious food. The administration of antibiotics in cattle to treat several infectious diseases has contributed to the contamination of industrialized milk. The goal of this work was to develop a simple and fast method to identify and quantify fourteen antibiotics from different classes in milk, including five β-lactams, four sulfonamides, three tetracyclines, one macrolide and one cephalosporin, using reversed-phase liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS/MS). This technique used Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) acquisition mode to allow the determination of the proposed compounds in the concentration range from 0.75 to 375 µg L -1 , within coefficient of linearity (r) higher than 0.9960, selectivity, sensitivity, and speed, with analysis time less than 10 minutes. Dicloxacillin and erythromycin showed the lower and higher decision limits (ccα) results of 0.05 and 9.77 µg L -1 , respectively. Overall, the recoveries results ranged from 65 to 125%, with standard deviation values from 2.0 to 15%. This method was also applied to evaluate the quality of different fat milk brands offered in the Brazilian market.
Como parte do programa de monitoramento realização em 1994, com o propósito de avaliar as condições dos alimentos consumidos pela população do Estado de São Paulo, quando aos resíduos de organoclorados e organofosforados, foram realizadas 4.809 determinações em 242 amostras de alimentos básicos, que chegam aos consumidores através das redes de mercado. utilizou-se para as análises o método multirresíduo seguido de cromatografia gasosa com detector de captura de elétrons, tendo como limite de determinação para pesticidas organoclorados e organofosforados 0.01 mg/hg e 0.02 mg/kg, respectivamente. Todos os alimentos pesquisados apresentaram níveis satisfatórios para os pesticidas analisados, exceto uma amostra de tomate com 0.01 mg/kg (ppm) de Endosulfan, não permitido pela legislação, indicando emprego inadequado para esta cultura.
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