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A reference electrode for potentiometric measurements based on conducting polymers (CP) doped with pH buffering ligands is described. Both the CPs and doping ligands are selected and adjusted in such a way that possible ionic and redox sensitivity is hampered, while the pH buffering property of the CP film is exposed. In this way, the electric potential drop at the conducting polymer|solution interface is stabilized and close to constant over a certain pH range. The electrode behaves as a pseudo-reference electrode in amphiprotic solvents or their mixtures, e.g. water-alcohol mixtures. For the first time titration of sulfates with lead(ii) in water-methanol solution using two "plastic" electrodes, CP-based Pb(2+)-sensitive indicator and CP-based reference electrode, is shown. Because the electrode is junction-less it may easily be miniaturized and maintained and thus may serve in frontier applications of sensors.

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Novel reference electrodes with a solid contact coated by a heterogeneous polymer membrane are described. The electrodes are obtained using Ag nanoparticles, AgBr, KBr suspended in tetrahydrofuran solution of PVC and DOS and deposited on Ag substrate, or another substrate covered with Ag, by drop casting. After a short period of soaking in a KBr solution, stable and reproducible formal potentials of -157 ± 2 mV (vs Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl) were observed, and the solid-contact reference electrodes were ready to use. It is shown that the described reference electrodes are relatively insensitive to the changes in the sample matrix, the concentrations of ions, the pH and the redox potential. These electrodes can also be fabricated in miniaturized form, and thus used to produce miniaturized multielectrode probes.

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