All-Solid-State Reference Electrode with Heterogeneous Membrane

Abstract

Novel reference electrodes with a solid contact coated by a heterogeneous polymer membrane are described. The electrodes are obtained using Ag nanoparticles, AgBr, KBr suspended in tetrahydrofuran solution of PVC and DOS and deposited on Ag substrate, or another substrate covered with Ag, by drop casting. After a short period of soaking in a KBr solution, stable and reproducible formal potentials of -157 ± 2 mV (vs Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl) were observed, and the solid-contact reference electrodes were ready to use. It is shown that the described reference electrodes are relatively insensitive to the changes in the sample matrix, the concentrations of ions, the pH and the redox potential. These electrodes can also be fabricated in miniaturized form, and thus used to produce miniaturized multielectrode probes.

Simultaneous Determination of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl− in Unstimulated and Stimulated Human Saliva Using All Solid State Multisensor Platform

“…Another idea was used Co(II)/Co(III) complexes with 1,10‐phenanthroline as the material for RE . Another example is the all‐solid‐state reference electrode with heterogeneous membrane, which was made using silver nanoparticles . One of the most interesting ideas, which has a large potential application is the use of Ag/AgCl electrode dipped in a KCl dispersed in the polymer .…”

Solid-Contact Electrode with Composite PVC-Based 3D-Printed Membrane. Optimization of Fabrication and Performance

“…PVC is the most frequently used polymer for solid-contact ion-selective plastic membrane sensors. Moreover, PVC can also be used for designing solid contact reference electrodes by drop-casting, as has recently been shown [ 22 , 23 ]. Our group has contributed to meeting the above challenge by reporting on the 3D printing fabrication of a PVC solid-contact reference electrode (SC REF 3D) [ 24 ].…”

Reference Electrodes with Polymer-Based Membranes—Comprehensive Performance Characteristics

“…Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the PVC heterogenous membranes with silver bromide-KBr salts work superbly as the all-solid-state reference electrodes [73] and that both KBr-and KCl-containing reference membranes are excellent internal solid contact for ion-selective electrodes [74].…”

“…These reports provide the signal of a breakthrough in the reference electrode technology which may be called "heterogenous membrane revolution" [73,74]. Material-wise, two aspects of novelty are striking: (1) the application of inorganic salts, and (2) new inert binders which constitute a composite membrane and mechanically processable membranes suitable for electrochemical measurements.…”