Background Hydatid cyst is caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. The abdomen, specifically the liver, is the most common site affected. Objective Determine the presentation patterns, types of surgical management, and outcomes of patients operated for intra-abdominal hydatid cyst (IAHC). Methodology A retrospective descriptive study of patients admitted and operated for IAHC from September 1, 2011, to August 31, 2015. Results Forty-two patients whose age ranged from 10 to 65 (mean of 37 years) were operated on. Females comprised 27 (64.3%) of the patients. The commonest presenting complaint was abdominal pain (41, 97.6%). Abdominal mass was documented in 23 (54.7%) cases. Abdominal ultrasound (AUS) and CT were the main imaging studies done on 38 (90.5%) and 24 (57.1%) patients, respectively. Cysts measuring more than 10 cm in diameter were the most common finding in both studies. Liver was the primary site involved, 30 (71.4%) cases, the right lobe being the main side, 73%. Thirty-eight (90.5%) patients underwent deroofing, evacuation, marsupialization, and omentoplasty (DEMO). There was no perioperative death, but 4 (9.5%) of the patients had post-op complications. Conclusion Abdominal pain was the most common presenting complaint. AUS and CT remain the preferred imaging. DEMO was the most common surgery.

BackgroundEsophageal groove dysfunction is one of the major causes of ruminal bloat. This condition is fatal in new born calves if it is not treated early. In healthy, suckling calves, milk should bypass the forestomach (rumen and reticulum) and enter into the abomasum where enzymatic digestion of milk proteins takes place. However, failure of the esophageal groove allows milk to enter into the forestomach, which results in the production of excess gases by microbial fermentation. Consequently, this increase in abdominal distention particularly on the left side in ruminants is an imminent manifestation of excess gases in the foresomach.Case presentationA 10-day-old crossbred male calf presented with a distended left abdomen and manifesting dyspnea at a dairy farm. The calf was weak, reluctant to move, and had visibly congested mucus membranes. Regarding the calf’s feeding, milk was the only thing ingested and the calf had not started on dry feeds (hay, concentrates, and roughages). According to the herdsman of the farm, the calf had a mild-to-moderate form of bloat and 3–5 h after milk feeding the bloat would disappear spontaneously. During bloat, an increase in pulse rate, respiratory rate (tachypnea), and shallow breathing was noted. Physical examination revealed severe distention of the left side of the abdomen, and on percussion, accumulation of gases mixed with fluid in the left abdomen was detected. An attempt was made to release gases from forestomach by introducing a stomach tube with oral antibiotics; however, the case was not resolved. The calf suffered from frequent recurrence of bloat after every milk feed, and in response to the refractory outcome to conventional treatment, a rumenostomy was indicated and a better treatment response was achieved. In addition, IV fluid and other supportive therapy were provided while milk was withheld. However, considering the fact that milk is a natural feed that should not be taken away from every calf at this age, we had to encourage calf to consume milk as it would not result in bloat as far as rumen fistula is being created. Furthermore, encouraging calves to consume starter feed (fresh grasses and hay) earlier than usual recommended period whilst decreasing milk intake would hasten the rumen function.ConclusionsCases like this are successfully managed by a rumenostomy when conventional options fail.

Gastrointestinal parasites are economically important in the dairy industry. A study was carried out to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of anthelmintic drugs (Tetraclozan 3400 mg and Albendazole 2500mg) for the treatment of GIT worms in cross-bred cows at Holeta research center. A total of sixty crossbred cows were purposively screened and divided into three groups for the current study. The first groups served as untreated control, the second and third groups were treated with Albendazole and Tetraclozan drugs respectively. Moreover, fecal samples were collected before and after treatment to count the eggs per gram (EPG) of feces and to evaluate drug efficacy percentage. Efficacy for each anthelmintic was determined by the Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT). The mean EPG count before and after treatment with Tetraclozan drug on 0. 14 th and 21 st days was 520±102.1, 100±54.6 and 15±6.7 respectively whereas the mean EPG count on 0, 14 th and 21 st days before and after treatment with Albendazole drug was 450±127.2, 150±46.2 and 20±6.8 respectively. The overall percentage efficacy of Tetraclozan and Albendazole drugs were 97.11 and 95.5 percent respectively. The study indicated that the two anthelmintic drugs were efficacious against worm infection and thus, leads to reduction in EPG count. It is important to explore the detailed pharmacokinetic and toxic effects of these drugs for wide therapeutic uses in animals. It is also recommended that the clinical responses of GIT helminthes to prophylactic and therapeutic drugs need to be periodically monitored in the farms and further introduced to smallholder farmers.

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Small scale dairy farms around the Addis Ababa milk and milk products value chain covers a significant portion of the milk demands of Ethiopian people. The demand for dairy and meat products is rapidly increasing resulting in the expansion of dairy and fattening farms. Likewise, a wide variety of antimicrobials (AMs) have been used for a variety of purposes. This coupled with the poor awareness level of farmers regarding antimicrobial drug residue (AMDR) in animals' products pose a great threat to public health. This study is therefore conducted to assess the current antimicrobial utilization and post-administration management practice of livestock producers in the study area. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 90 purposively selected smallholder dairy farms in 3 districts of the Oromia region. All farms (n=90) reported the use of at least one class of antimicrobial for a variety of purposes. Anthelminthics and antibiotics (87.8% each), antiprotozoals (58.9%), multivitamins and other commercial supplements (42.2%) were the most frequently used veterinary products in the study area. About two-thirds (63.3%) of the respondents purchase and use drugs without prescription. Unrestricted veterinary drug access (X2=9.03, p=0.003) and the perception of high veterinary service costs (X2=11.1, p=0.001) were found to have a strong association with unprescribed drugs use. AMs were used for treatment (49.4%), prophylactic (18.6%), growth promotion (18.6%), and fattening (17.8%) purposes. Most of the respondents (57.8%) have no awareness about antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in milk and milk products. A strong association between the status of training and awareness level was observed, indicating the vital role of training in enhancing awareness level. A small majority (53.3%) of the respondent adhere to the recommended drug withdrawal period (DWP). Similar studies should be conducted in wider areas along the major milk value chain to get a big picture of the drug utilization status of dairy farms. Future works should quantify the level of veterinary drug residue (VDR) in dairy products.