Faba bean is the leading in area coverage and total production of pulses in Ethiopia. However, soil acidity becomes the major production limiting factor of faba bean in the highlands of Ethiopia. Information on genetic variability and heritability of faba bean genotypes on different traits under soil acidity stress is scanty. Thus, this study was conducted to estimate genetic variability of faba bean genotypes on grain yield and related traits at soil of pH 4.66, 4.96 and 4.49 at Holetta, Watebecha Minjaro and Jeldu, respectively, during 2017 main cropping season. The experiment comprised 50 faba bean genotypes arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. Data were collected on grain yield (g/5plants) and some other agronomic traits: days to 50% flowering, days to 90% maturity, grain filling period, plant height (cm), number of poding nodes/plant, number of pods/ poding node, number of pods/plant, chocolate spot disease (%) and 100-seeds weight (g). Analysis of variance for traits studied showed significant differences among genotypes, locations and their interaction (P ≤ 0.01) for all traits except number of pods/poding node for the interaction. Computed genotypic (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) values were ranged from 1.08-23.05 and 1.20-23.26%, respectively, whereas heritability (H 2) and genetic advance as percent of the mean (GAM) ranged from 24.63-98.22% and 2.0-47.13%, respectively. The highest values for all components were recorded for 100-seeds weight while lowest values except for H 2 computed for days to 90% maturity. The observed PCV and GCV values were high for 100-seed weight and moderate for grain yield, number of poding node/plant and pod/plant. The values of PCV were higher than GCV for all traits. Hence, the high variation between PCV and GCV (6.78) for chocolate spot was due to environmental stress (soil acidity) besides the genetic constitution of tested genotypes. High H 2 and GAM were observed for 100-seeds weight, number of pod/plant and poding node/plant. Traits with high H 2 indicated that selection based on mean would be successful in improving the traits. Therefore, selection based on phenotypic performance of genotypes would be effective to improve traits that have high GAM coupled with high H 2 estimates.
Introduction: Leishmaniasis is a collective term used to describe various pathological conditions caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan of the genus Leishmania. It is one of the neglected diseases and has been given minimal attention by drug discovery and development stakeholders to narrow the safety and efficacy gaps of the drugs currently used to treat leishmaniasis. The challenge is further exacerbated by the emergence of drug resistance by the parasites. Methods: Aiming to look for potential anti-leishmanial hits and leads, we screened Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) Pathogen Box compounds against clinically isolated Leishmania donovani strain. In this medium-throughput primary screening assay, the compounds were screened against promastigotes, and then against amastigote stages. Results: From the total 400 compounds screened, 35 compounds showed >50% inhibitory activity on promastigotes in the initial screen (1 μM). Out of these compounds, nine showed >70% inhibition, with median inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) ranging from 12 to 491 nM using the anti-promastigote assay, and from 53 to 704 nM using the intracellular amastigote assay. Identified compounds demonstrated acceptable safety profiles on THP-1 cell lines and sheep red blood cells, and had appropriate physicochemical properties suitable for further drug development. Two compounds (MMV690102 and MMV688262) were identified as leads. The anti-tubercular agent MMV688262 (delamanid) showed a synergistic effect with amphotericin B, indicating the prospect of using this compound for combination therapy. Conclusion: The current study indicates the presence of additional hits which may hold promise as starting points for anti-leishmanial drug discovery and in-depth structure-activity relationship studies.
Gastrointestinal parasites are economically important in the dairy industry. A study was carried out to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of anthelmintic drugs (Tetraclozan 3400 mg and Albendazole 2500mg) for the treatment of GIT worms in cross-bred cows at Holeta research center. A total of sixty crossbred cows were purposively screened and divided into three groups for the current study. The first groups served as untreated control, the second and third groups were treated with Albendazole and Tetraclozan drugs respectively. Moreover, fecal samples were collected before and after treatment to count the eggs per gram (EPG) of feces and to evaluate drug efficacy percentage. Efficacy for each anthelmintic was determined by the Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT). The mean EPG count before and after treatment with Tetraclozan drug on 0. 14 th and 21 st days was 520±102.1, 100±54.6 and 15±6.7 respectively whereas the mean EPG count on 0, 14 th and 21 st days before and after treatment with Albendazole drug was 450±127.2, 150±46.2 and 20±6.8 respectively. The overall percentage efficacy of Tetraclozan and Albendazole drugs were 97.11 and 95.5 percent respectively. The study indicated that the two anthelmintic drugs were efficacious against worm infection and thus, leads to reduction in EPG count. It is important to explore the detailed pharmacokinetic and toxic effects of these drugs for wide therapeutic uses in animals. It is also recommended that the clinical responses of GIT helminthes to prophylactic and therapeutic drugs need to be periodically monitored in the farms and further introduced to smallholder farmers.
Ectoparasites are one of the major health constraints of cattle production and are usually associated with huge economic losses in Ethiopia. A cross-sectional and clinical investigation was carried out in urban and periurban dairy farms in different central areas of Ethiopia to determine the infestation of external parasites and its attributable risk factors in dairy calves. Thus, a total of 157 dairy calves were clinically examined for ectoparasite infestations in central Oromiya. Results from data analysis indicated that from a total examined calves for ectoprasites, 40.76%(64=101) were found to be infested with one or more parasites and the major ectoparasites identified were Ambyloma species (3.8%), Boophilus species (5.7%), Lice species (17.2%) and mixed infestations (8.9%). Furthermore, the risk factor analysis showed that the proportion of ectoparasites was relatively higher in cross breed (48.9%) than in local breed of calves (35.1%).but, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in harboring either single or mixed parasites between the breed of calves and sex category showed a significant variation. It was also found that calves reared under semi-intensive (73.5%) management system were more vulnerable to infestation than calves managed intensively (25.9%) and the seasonal infestation showed higher infestation rate in wet season (42%) than in dry season (38.6%). Hence, season of the year and management system significantly influenced the infestation of ectoparasite in dairy calves. The findings of the present study lead to the conclusion that parasites are one of the major health problems of calves in the study area demanding urgent control interventions.
Introduction Leishmania aethiopica (L. aethiopica) is responsible for different forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Ethiopia. Treatment heavily depends on limited drugs, together with drawbacks like toxicity and microbial resistance. The current research aimed to investigate in vitro growth inhibitory activity of Medicines for Malaria Ventures - Pathogen Box (MMV - PB) compounds against L. aethiopica clinical isolate. Methodology Four hundred MMV – PB compounds were screened against L. aethiopica using resazurin based colourimetric assay. Compounds with > 70% inhibition were further tested using macrophage based intracellular amastigote assay. Cytotoxic and hemolytic activity of candidate hits were assessed on THP1- cells and sheep red blood cells (RBCs), respectively. In vitro drug interaction study was also conducted for the most potent hit using the combination index method. Results At the test concentration of 1 μM, twenty-three compounds showed > 50% inhibition of promastigotes parasite growth, of which 11 compounds showed > 70% inhibition. The 50% growth inhibition (IC50) of the 11 compounds was ranged from 0.024 to 0.483 μM in anti-promastigote assay and from 0.064 to 0.899 μM in intracellular amastigote assay. Candidate compounds demonstrated good safety on sheep RBCs and THP-1 cell lines. MMV688415 demonstrated a slight hemolytic activity on sheep RBC (5.3% at 25 μM) and THP-1 cell line (CC20 = 25 μM) while MMV690102 inhibited half of THP-1 cells at 36.5 μM (selectivity index = 478). No synergistic activity was observed from the combinations of MMV690102 and amphotericin B (CI > 1), and MMV690102 and Pentamidine (CI > 1) at lower and higher combination points. Conclusion The present study identified a panel of compounds that can be used as a novel starting point for lead optimization. MMV690102 appears to be the most potent inhibitor against L. aethiopica promastigotes and amastigotes. Future works should investigate the antileishmanial mechanism of action and in vivo antileishmanial activities of identified hits.
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