Introduction Multi-drug resistance is a major challenge in the control of tuberculosis. Despite newer modalities for diagnosis and treatment, people are still suffering from this disease. Understanding the common gene mutations conferring rifampicin and isoniazid resistance is crucial for the implementation of effective molecular tools at local and national levels. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the molecular detection of rifampicin and isoniazid-resistant gene mutations in M . tuberculosis isolates in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method Health Center-based cross-sectional study was conducted between January and September 2017 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The collected sputum samples were processed for mycobacterial isolation and Region of difference 9 based polymerase chain reaction for species identification. To characterize the rifampicin and isoniazid-resistant M . tuberculosis isolates, a molecular genetic assay (GenoType MTBDR plus ) was used; the assay is based on DNA-STRIP technology. Result Culture positivity was confirmed in 82.6% (190/230) of smear-positive newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis cases enrolled in the study. From 190 isolates 93.2% were sensitive for both rifampicin and isoniazid, and 6.8% of the isolates were resistant to at least one of the tested anti-TB drugs. Gene mutations were observed in all studied multidrug resistance-associated gene loci ( rpoB , katG , and inhA ). Two isolates exhibited heteroresistance, a mutated, as well as wild type sequences, were detected in the respective strains. MDR-TB case was observed in 1.1% (2/190) of the cases. All the MDR-TB cases were positive for HIV and found to have a history of prior hospital admission. Conclusion In our finding a relatively high prevalence of any drug resistance was observed and the overall prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis was 1.1%.The majority of drug-resistant isolates demonstrated common mutations. Heteroresistant strains were detected, signaling the existence of an M . tuberculosis population with variable responses to anti-tuberculosis drugs or of mixed infections.
Gamo highland have experienced drastic cover dynamics of land resource resulted from historic settlement, heavy concentration of human and livestock population, and obsolete farming practices. The aim of this study was to examine the dynamics of the land use/land cover and its consequent environmental impacts in Kulfo watershed located in South Western Ethiopia. Historic spatial and socio-economic data were used in GIS and Remote Sensing environment to analyze and map the research data. The result of this study revealed that the Land use/ cover change analysis conducted in three periods (1986, 1999 and 2017) showed a remarkable dynamics and modification over varying cover types. In 1986 the dominant land use land covers were cultivated land (42%) followed by pasture land (23%) and forest land (18.3%). After 32 years (2017), cultivated land (71%), shrub land (7.5%) and bare lands (6.2%) were the three dominant land uses/cover types in the study area. During the study period, cultivation encroached to marginal steep slopes (with gradient more than 60%) and mountain grasslands where once used as a place of celebrating traditional festivals and grazing lands. Such a dramatic change in three-decade period has further increased degraded lands and raised erosion vulnerable areas to 97.2%, the resultant effects of which has greatly threatened the livelihood of communities in the watershed. The land use in the study watershed is not as of the land capability, excess forest, shrub and grasslands were unnecessarily brought under agriculture. Therefore, it is recommended that land has to be used as per its capability and conservation measures shall give attention to erosion prone areas.
Background: According to the monitoring results in Africa, the regional average completeness rate of birth registration has increased from around 40% to 56% from 2012 to 2015. Ethiopia is among the countries with less than 20% of births registered. Even if Ethiopia, with its 38,000 health extension workers already deployed on the ground and increasingly linked to communities through the Women’s Development Army, had a unique opportunity to rapidly accelerate the coverage of birth registration but until the recent time, the rate of birth registration in Ethiopia is very low.Objective: This study was aimed to assess the level of birth registration, status of awareness about birth registration and factors affecting birth registration status in in Gamo Gofa and Zegen area people Zone SNNPR, Ethiopia. Methods: The study was s in Gamo Gofa and Gegen area people Zone using pretest quasi experimental study design. The data (was collected in November 2018. The quantitative data was collected by structured interviewer-administered questionnaire from 498 households. Qualitative data was collected through Focal Group Discussion using interview guides from key informants. Descriptive statistics including frequencies, means and standard deviations were employed to present finding. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine association with birth registration practice. Model fitness was checked.Results: The study shows that majority of the respondents were male 300(60.2%) and females account 198(39.8%). The finding also revealed that the prevalence of birth registration among children age below 5 years old is 12.1%; whereas, prevalence of birth registration practice among age group between 5 and 18 years old is 14.9%. The level of awareness on birth registration among study participants accounts 33.7%. In the multivariate analysis sex, religion, level of education, awareness on birth registration institution, radio program and VERA office have a significant association with the birth registration.Conclusion: The overall level of practice of birth registration in this study is far lower than many studies from other countries. Thus, implementing remedial action in order to improve birth registration is essential.
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