Background Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a global public health agenda with high level of pandemicity. There is no effective treatment, but prevention strategies can alter the pandemic. However, the effectiveness of existing preventive measures and strategies is inconclusive. Therefore, this study aimed to review evidence related to COVID-19 prevention achieved through social distancing, stay at home, travel ban and lockdown in order to determine best practices. Methods/design This review has been conducted in accordance with the PRISMA and Cochrane guideline. A systematic literature search of articles archived from major medical databases (MEDLINE, SCOPUS, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) and Google scholar was done. Observational and modeling researches published to date with information on COVID-19 prevention like social distancing, stay at home, travel ban and lockdown were included. The articles were screened by two experts. Risk of bias of included studies was assessed through ROBINS-I tool and the certainty of evidence was graded using the GRADE approach for the main outcomes. The findings were presented by narration and in tabular form. Results A total of 25 studies was included in the review. The studies consistently reported the benefit of social distancing, stay at home, travel restriction and lockdown measures. Mandatory social distancing reduced the daily growth rate by 9.1%, contacts by 7–9 folds, median number of infections by 92% and epidemic resolved in day 90. Travel restriction and lockdown averted 70.5% of exported cases in china and doubling time was increased from 2 to 4 days. It reduced contacts by 80% and decreased the initial R0, and the number of infected individuals decreased by 91.14%. Stay at home was associated with a 48.6 and 59.8% reduction in weekly morbidity and fatality. Obligatory, long term and early initiated programs were more effective. Conclusion Social distancing, stay at home, travel restriction and lockdown are effective to COVID-19 prevention. The strategies need to be obligatory, initiated early, implemented in large scale, and for a longer period of time. Combinations of the programs are more effective. However, the income of individuals should be guaranteed and supported.

Low birth weight is a global public health problem having various severe and life-threatening health effects. The World Health Organization is working to reduce the prevalence of low birth weight to 30% by the year 2025. Pinpointing the determinants of low birth weight at different scenarios is crucial to reduce the rate of low birth weight in low-income countries which consist of 96.5% of global low birth weight newborns. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess determinants of low birth weight in Sidama Zone public hospitals of South Ethiopia. An institution-based case-control study was conducted from March 1 to May 5, 2019, in Sidama Zone public hospitals. Data were collected from 354 mother-neonate samples with 118 of them having newborns with birth weight<2500 g (cases) and 236 of them having birth weight≥2500 g (controls) using a pretested, interviewer-administered structured questionnaire and medical record review. The odds of being rural dweller women was 3.51 times higher among cases (low birth weight babies) than among controls (normal birth weight babies) as compared to being urban dweller women (AOR=3.51, 95% CI (1.91-6.45)). The likelihood of initiating antenatal care late was 3.22 times more among cases than among controls when compared with timely initiation of antenatal care (AOR=3.22, 95% CI (1.47-7.14)). The probability of having pregnancy-induced hypertension was 4.49 times higher among mothers of the cases than among mothers of the controls as compared to not having pregnancy-induced hypertension (AOR=4.49, 95% CI (1.94-10.38)). The odds of not taking iron and folic acid during pregnancy was 3.92 times higher among mothers of the cases than mothers of the controls when compared with taking iron and folic acid (AOR=3.92, 95% CI (1.80-8.50)). The likelihood of having Mid-Upper Arm Circumference MUAC<23 cm was 4.27 times higher among mothers of the cases than among mothers of the controls as compared to having MUAC≥23 cm (AOR=4.27, 95% CI (2.24-8.12)). The probability of having inadequate dietary diversity was 3.75 times higher among cases than among controls as compared to having adequate dietary diversity (AOR=3.75, 95% CI (1.64-8.57)). Interventions targeting the aversion of low birth weight should focus on promotion of iron-folic acid supplementation and dietary diversification through timely initiation of antenatal care.

Community based newborn care is a means of bringing life-saving care to mothers and newborns at the community level. However, the practice is challenging within the Ethiopian health system. The aim of this study was to assess prevalence of community based newborn care practices and associated factors among women who gave birth at home in Amaro Woreda, southern Ethiopia, 2019. Across-sectional study design and simple random sampling technique was employed to select study participants. Data was collected through face-to-face interview; EpiData version 3.1 and SPSS version 20 software were used for analysis. Bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression was employed to analyze the associated factors. In this study 29% practiced community based essential newborn care. Educational status of father (AOR = 2.28; 95% CI: 1.07-4.84), last delivery assisted by relative (AOR = 3.58; 95% CI: 1.66-7.73), having awareness about community based newborn care (AOR = 3.49; 95% CI: 2.11-5.77), awareness about newborn danger sign (AOR = 2.18; 95% CI: 1.29-3.68) were some of identified factors associated with community based newborn care practice. In conclusion, community based newborn care practice was low. Therefore, promotion of information at community level, women empowerment, and strengthening health extension program were recommending.

Background: The postpartum intrauterine contraceptive device (PPIUCD) is an effective, reliable, safe and recommended contraceptive method for the postpartum women. However, only a small proportion of women who gave birth at health facilities in the world have used it. There are limited studies about determinants of PPIUCD utilization. Therefore, this study aimed to assess determinants of postpartum IUCD utilization among mothers who gave birth in Gamo zone health facilities, southern Ethiopia. Methods: A facility based unmatched case-control study was done at Gamo zone public health facilities, southern Ethiopia. Data were collected using a pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire from March 1 to April 15, 2019. The data were coded, cleaned and entered into Epi-Info version 3.5.1 and exported to SPSS version 25 for advanced analysis. Binary logistic regression was performed to identify the determinants of PPIUCD utilization. Results: A total of 510 (175 cases and 335 controls) participants were involved in the study yielding a response rate of 95.1%. Partner support for IUCD insertion (AOR [95% CI]: 10 [4.03, 24.3]), birth interval (AOR [95% CI]: 9.7 [1.7, 55.1]), fertility plan (AOR [95% CI]: 4 [1.44, 10.84]), and timing of counseling (AOR [95% CI]:1.25 [0.034, 0.46]) are the determinant factors for postpartum IUCD. Conclusion and Recommendation: Birth interval, fertility plan, timing of counseling, pregnancy plan and partner support were the determinant factors identified in this study. Therefore, counseling of both partners during antenatal follow-up, delivery and immediately after delivery by health professionals are recommended.