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The main purpose of this paper is to examine the development and current status of prefabrication       techniques and their application in building construction and why its use is still limited in the housing sector in India and why prefabrication is not being used so far to provide affordable housing to all. Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in factories, and then transporting the complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to the construction site where the structure is to be located. The important aspect is how much of a potential difference it can establish so that appropriate development can be implemented. This paper reviews the current prefabrication system scenario for housing in India. The paper begins with a brief introduction about different types of prefabrication system. Subsequent topics address the need of prefabrication and ethical dilemma of technology transfer for prefabricated building system in India.  In this paper, a qualitative descriptive evaluation research method has been used. The research methodology comprises of case studies, visual observation and data collection. Finally, two case studies around the world have been presented to validate and illustrate the various modern trends and application of design and construction methods of prefabricated building system in housing.

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Buildings are an integral part for development in any sector of economic growth and they consume resources not only during their construction but also for operation throughout their life. The design, construction, operation, maintenance, and ultimately the removal of buildings consume large amounts of energy, water, and building materials, and generate large quantities of waste, and pollute the air and water. The amount of resources consumed, waste generated can be judged from the fact that in any development project, the component of construction is quite large.The Indian construction industry has accounted for approximately 50% of the country's capital outlay in successive Five Year Plans, and projected investment continues to show a growing trend. Out of 48 million tonnes of solid waste generated in India, C&D (construction and demolition) waste makes up 25% annually. Despite this the use of recycled material in construction is not much, which can largely be attributed to various factors like lack of awareness on the part of designers/engineers, lack of awareness campaigns and appreciation of using recycled materials, unorganized market of recycled construction material, absence of a proper solid waste management system in urban areas, lack of tax incentives and poor implementation of legislation on the use of recycled materials. It is high time that the above said issues about the use of recycled material in construction in our country be addressed so as to achieve economy in construction coupled with easing burden on natural resources thereby resulting in cleaner environment.

The high temperature in city centres and urban areas than their surroundings, known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, which causes discomfort to city dwellers in the summer season, is gaining much attention worldwide as the world continues to urbanize. The Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a phenomenon where urban areas are experiencing high temperature than the surrounding rural areas. The current rapid urbanization in India cause of temperature rises, undeniable climatic changes etc. because of it heat island phenomenon occur which call for a need to address the issue of its consequences and awareness. To counterbalance this, various mitigation strategies has been introduced and new technologies are developed which helps in identifying the hot pockets in a city. Due to the seriousness of the problem, extensive research has been done and a lot of literature study of the subject is available. The literature in this domain provides the most up-to-date research methods, concepts, procedures, investigative tools, and mitigation strategies. The aim of this paper is to present state of the art on environmental benefits of UHI mitigation applied at city scale level like benefits of green roof, high albedo material, water body, modification in building envelope and also suggest that future study should concentrate on design and planning characteristics in order to minimize the level of urban heat island and, as a result, live in a better environment.

All human activities and settlement development draw upon the environment's resources for their sustenance and, in the process, generate a continuing impact on the environment at a comprehensive level. When the impact exceeds the manageable limits and becomes irreversible, the environment can no longer sustain the intense human activity, which leads not only to the degradation of the natural environment but also consequentially affects the functioning of the urban system in social, economic, and physical terms. Planning of self-sustaining environments is possible with the establishment of principles of development in harmony with nature. Tools from the field of applied ecology need to be utilised to establish urban environments. The planning of the urban environment is possible with the application of the ecological method, which involves the determination of selected natural features of the area, their interpretation, and evaluation within a value system. The natural factors of the area to determine suitability for urbanisation with the aim of preservation and efficient utilisation of natural resources have been analysed. The persistency of the carrying capacity of the land based on the constraints has been studied. The paper also attempts to establish the ecologically sustainable planning of the town of Gurgaon in the national capital region of India. Gurgaon is one of the nearest satellite towns of New Delhi, the capital of India. It was envisaged as an area with tremendous potential which could alleviate the pressure on the capital.

To lead a fit and peaceful life, it has become very important to dwell in spaces that are contemplative and comforting. Space for contemplation can also lead the architect towards spiritual realms. The current era can be described as tumultuous, changeable, and unsettled. Rapid urbanisation and extreme intensification are being accompanied by technical advancements and a push for sustainability. Traditional architecture was often purpose-built with little care for adapting to new users, various purposes, or changing conditions down the road. Today, however, it is suggested that building flexibility is urgently required due to climate change, changing demographics, resource depletion, and affordability issues. It is believed that architecture in the twenty-first century must approach similar levels of flexibility and adaptability for a variety of reasons, one of which being the mental health and spiritual connection of the user. Rather than deconstructing structures to fill landfills, our architecture should be designed to be disassembled, reassembled, and reused in order to generate spaces of contemplation. There can be various ways in which architecture can bring out such spaces. It can be a garden oasis in urban land crowded with buildings, a small skylight in a dark space, framing a window to form a vista. Which language of architecture has to be used to create contemplative space depends upon for whom the space is being designed. The current study is the result of extensive literature reviews in the fields of contemplative architecture and spirituality. The focus of this paper is to study the impact of physical surroundings and architectural structures on leading a healthy lifestyle. Different spaces can be designed which connect the user to themselves in a deeper way by proposing a space where they have freedom to think or meditate and feel the present moment. People suffering from depression or stress can benefit from such contemplative spaces.