Abstract:Introduction: Comprehensive tobacco-free school policy benefits everyone by reducing exposure to second-hand smoking and creating a system that reinforces tobacco-free norm and attitudes, which in turn affect tobacco use having an impact on the health of the community. Objective: This study aims to assess the perception of teachers on tobacco free school environments and factors supporting it. Methods: A two-stage cluster sampling technique was used for the selection of schools with selection probability proportional to enrolment size followed by stratified random sampling of government and private schools. Data were collected from 559 secondary school teachers using a structured questionnaire. Results: Estimation indicated that 48.3% (95% CI: 44.5%, 52.6%) of the teachers were less supportive and 51.7% (95% CI: 47.4%, 55.5%) were more supportive for smoking free school. Logistic regression analysis revealed that non tobacco user teachers were more likely to be supportive (OR=1. 891, 95% CI: 1.197, 2.986) for tobacco free school. However, no statistically significant association was found between perceived supportive tobacco free school and age, sex, level of education, type of school and family size (p>0.05). Exposure to second hand smoking and curriculum content of tobacco issues were not significantly related with tobacco free school. Conclusion: Comprehensive school based programme with participation of school personnel and community can effectively implement tobacco free school programmes.
Pregnancy is a natural phenomenon and process which ensures the continuation of the human species. Hence, females are given more health considerations and care, with tailored, and some specific, programs just to ensure their good health. The occupational health regulations do have sections concerning the safety of pregnant women. But it is not as extensive and tailored specifically for women. Nevertheless, the number of women entering the workforce is increasing in all sectors (Burdorf et al., 2006). This is due to improved educational levels and development for women, making them more independent and in carrying out roles, duties, jobs usually reserved by men. Women are now, are just as exposed to the hazards in working environment as men (Figà-Talamanca, 2006). These hazards poses a risk into their fecundity. Stressors from the working environment have effects on their reproductive capability.The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lists disorders of reproduction as one of the top ten leading work-related diseases and injuries (Figà-Talamanca, 2006;Yamada, 1986; CDC, 1989). However, currently there is no surveillance for such disorders of reproduction in Malaysia. The types of disorders of reproduction classified, is not specified under NIOSH. However, the common ones reported in literature are; complete miscarriage, threatened miscarriage, prematurity, low birth weight and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (CDC, 1989).Healthcare is considered as one of the professions that is highly stressful due to its work nature. It carries a large responsibility simply because it deals with human lives hence it is attempted to ensure that there is close to no margin of error (Familoni, 2008). In addition, the
The weight of occupational risk on women in addition to men, is on their fecundity. NIOSH lists disorders of reproduction as one of the top ten leading work-related diseases and injuries. Nevertheless, women in the workforce is increasing and in healthcare, females make up the majority. This research is to observe the occurrences of adverse pregnancy outcomes among female healthcare workers in relation to their work schedules and its significance in relation to non-healthcare workers. A cross-sectional study was carried out using a questionnaire with 469 respondents; 339 healthcare and 130 non-healthcare workers, reporting 564 pregnancies. In this study, adverse pregnancy outcomes among female healthcare workers is significantly higher than non-healthcare workers. There are no significant findings between healthcare and non-healthcare workers with respect to the types of adverse pregnancy outcomes and the work schedule. However, from the respondents' lifetime pregnancy outcome, we find that complete miscarriage occurred more frequently among healthcare workers who work on shift. Healthcare workers do experience a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, commonly occurring among those who work on shift/on-call.
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