Syngas which is rich in methane and hydrogen gas can be produced through the biomass pyrolysis process. This study uses an activated carbon (AC) catalyst in the pyrolysis process using a fixed bed reactor. The result showed that using AC reduces the temperature of methane production from 395 °C to 380 °C and increases CH4 production from 202.800 ppm to 223.500 ppm. The increase in the production and decrease in temperature of light hydrocarbon formation occurs due to the influence of properties of the aromatic ring on the activated carbon surface. The presence of aromatic rings causes electrostatic forces so that influences atomic bond in structure biomass molecule. From simulations that have been carried out using Avogadro Software, it shows that the length of C-C bonds increases and this means the bonds become weaker. This condition triggers the accelerating process of cracking hydrocarbon molecules and produces lighter hydrocarbon gas.
Flat wagons are logistic railway vehicles that are always subjected to a heavy dynamic load. One type is the 42 ton flat wagon developed by INKA Ltd., which is well known as PPCW flat wagon. The initial design of this flat wagon was operated using a container. Nevertheless, it can operate safely without a container as well. This study was conducted to mitigate the effect of fluctuating load on fatigue of 42 ton flat wagons as cement carriers, with or without a container. The 3D flat wagon model was built and exported to ANSYS Workbench 19 to simulate the effect of the variable and mean stresses generated within the wagon. Several operational modes were applied to the model, such as an accelerated condition of 0.21 m/s 2 , a constant straight track, a turn uphill track, an inclined track, a turn downward track, and a decelerated condition of 0.3 m/s 2 . Transient structural, static structural, and modal analysis types are applied in the simulation consecutively to adapt the track variations. Due to the loading being dominated by compressive load, a negative stress ratio of 1.5 was utilized as the stress ratio of alternating stresses. The numerical study indicated that the straight, turn uphill, and turn downward tracks could exaggerate the stress generated due to dynamic loading. Potential fatigue failure could occur because the dynamic load produced fluctuating stresses, either alternating or mean stresses, that could damage the structural integrity of the flat wagon.
Pirolisis-gasifikasi biomassa untuk menghasilkan syngas dengan kandungan hydrogen telah dilakukan dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ukuran serbuk dan kekerasan kayu terhadap kualitas syngas yang dihasilkan ditinjau dari konsentrasi gas hidrogen yang dihasilkan. Serbuk kayu yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kayu jati, kayu kelapa dan kayu nangka dengan tingkat kekerasan jati > kelapa > nangka. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode eksperimen yaitu pirolisis dengan menggunakan reaktor jenis fixed bed. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa serbuk kayu dengan ukuran lebih kecil menghasilkan kualitas syngas yang lebih baik dengan konsentrasi gas hidrogen yang lebih tinggi 2057 ppm dibandingkan dengan ketika menggunakan serbuk kasar sebesar 1972 ppm. Kekerasan kayu mempengaruhi proses dekomposisi dan konsentrasi hidrogen yang dihasilkan. Semakin keras kayu semakin rendah kualitas syngas yang dihasilkan. Kayu jati dengan kekerasan tertinggi menghasilkan syngas dengan konsentrasi hidrogen sebesar 1931 ppm sedangkan kayu nangka dengan kekerasan terendah menghasilkan syngas dengan konsentrasi hidrogen hingga 2898 ppm.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.