Sludge waste of deinking process as toxic and hazardous material from spesific source containing ABSTRAKLimbah sludge proses deinking sebagai B3 dari sumber spesifik karena mengandung logam Pb dari tinta yang larut dalam air limbah. Menurut Kep.Men. LH no. 33/2009 semua industri wajib melakukan pemulihan lahan tekontaminasi limbah B3. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakuan penelitian bioremediasi menggunakan mikroba konsorsium. Penelitian dilakukan dengan variasi waktu inkubasi dari 0 -60 hari dan jumlah inokulum 5%, 10%, dan 15% (v/w). Keberhasilan bioremediasi adalah mengubah logam aktif dalam tanah menjadi tidak aktif oleh aktifitas mikroba, dinyatakan dengan penurunan nilai koefisien distribusi fase tertukarkan dan peningkaan fase residual Pb. Mikroba konsorsium PG 65-06 (A) : PG 97-02 (B) : MR 1.12-05 (C) : A1 (D) dengan perbandingan 1:1:1:1 menghasilkan kondisi optimum untuk penambahan inokulum 10% dan waktu inkubasi 40 hari dengan penurunan koefisien distribusi fase tertukarkan Pb sebesar 21% yang semula 19,3 mg/kg menjadi 15,91 mg/kg dan peningkatan fase residual Pb sebesar 146% yang semula 7,77 mg/kg menjadi 17,00 mg/kg. Nilai germination index pada kisaran 84,3-136,7% yang berarti tanah tersebut sudah tidak bersifat toksik pada tanaman.Kata kunci : bioremediasi, tanah terkontaminasi, limbah deinking industri kertas, logam berat Pb
Due to their non-toxicity and biodegradability, natural polymeric flocculants have gained popularity in water and wastewater treatment in recent years. Because of its broad availability, renewability, sustainability, and surface modification potential, cellulose, the most common polymer on the planet, is regarded as one of the foundation polymers for flocculant production and modification. The following article consists of a review of the latest developments regarding biopolymers, in particular, cellulose as a natural flocculant. One of the plants that can be developed in Indonesia is Boehmeria nivea, or what is known as Ramie, which contains cellulose that is still not utilized optimally. There is a method of isolation of alpha-cellulose derived from Boehmeria nivea and its application as a flocculant in synthetic wastewater presented in this paper. The alpha-cellulose of Boehmeria nivea was used as a flocculant in jar testing using kaolin suspension (5 g/L). The study shows that adding alpha-cellulose as an aid to PAC slightly increased the turbidity removal efficiency, and further modification of alpha-cellulose by cationic grafts into cationic cellulose is needed.
Industrial Plantation Forest of Acacia mangium for pulp industry in Indonesia has declined its productivity due to a decrease in the quality of soil on the second cycle and thereafter. Therefore, the alternative raw material for pulp has to be found as a substitute for Acacia mangium. Research on the various ages of Acacia crassicarpa (4; 5 and 6 years old) as the pulp raw material has been done. Pulp was prepared using the kraft process. The optimum cooking condition with target Kappa Number of 15 ± 1 was obtained at 20-22% active alkali, 30% sulfidity, temperature of 165ºC, liquor ratio 1:4 and H factor of 1300. Pulp was then bleached using ECF (Elemental Chlorine Free) process with the sequence of ODEDED and XDEDED. Results showed that pulp yield was high enough and meet the standard requirement according to SNI 6107:2009, Pulp Kraft Putih Kayudaun (LBKP). hollocellulose content of Acacia crassicarpa (79,99-80,87%) and α cellulose content (43,33-48,62%) were higher compared to those of Acacia mangium (<79% and <43%) respectively, while lignin and extractive contents were significantly low. It was found that Acacia crassicarpa of 5 years old resulted in better bleached kraft pulp compared to those of 4 and 6 years old. It is concluded that Acacia crassicarpa has a good prospect to be developed in Industrial Plantation Forest as raw material for pulp. Keywords: Acacia crassicarpa, ages, raw material, ECF, pulp ABSTRAK Hutan Tanaman Industri Acacia mangium untuk industri pulp yang dikembangkan di Indonesia saat ini mengalami penurunan produktivitas akibat penurunan kualitas tempat tumbuh pada daur kedua dan seterusnya. Oleh sebab itu perlu dicari bahan baku alternatif pengganti Acacia mangium. Untuk itu telah dilakukan penelitian terhadap Acacia crassicarpa berbagai umur yaitu 4 ; 5 dan 6 tahun. Pembuatan pulp kertas dilakukan dengan proses kraft. Kondisi pemasakan yang optimal dan memenuhi target bilangan Kappa 15 ± 1, diperoleh pada penggunaan alkali aktif 20-22%, sulfiditas 30%, suhu 165ºC, rasio 1:4 dan faktor H 1300. Pemutihan pulp dilakukan dengan proses ECF (Elemental Chlorine Free) yang dikenal ramah lingkungan dengan tahapan ODEDED dan XDEDED. Hasil pulp kraft putih mempunyai rendemen cukup tinggi dan memenuhi pesyaratan spesifikasi SNI 6107:2009, Pulp Kraft Putih Kayudaun (LBKP) kecuali indeks sobek. Kayu Acacia crassicarpa mempunyai kadar holoselulosa (79,99-80,87%) dan selulosa alfa (43,33-48,62%) yang cukup tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan Acacia mangium (<79% dan <43%), serta kadar lignin dan ekstraktif yang cukup rendah. Kayu Acacia crassicarpa umur 5 tahun menghasilkan pulp kraft putih paling baik dibandingkan umur 4 dan 6 tahun. Dengan demikian, kayu Acacia crassicarpa mempunyai potensi untuk dikembangkan di Hutan Tanaman Industri sebagai bahan baku pulp. Kata kunci: Acacia crassicarpa, umur, bahan baku, ECF, pulp
One effort to overcome the limited cotton is the use of dissolving pulp or rayon pulp with high α-cellulose content. The aim of this research is to study the nitration process of cellulose from various commercial dissolved pulp into nitrocellulose, which is a material for Propellant Nitro Cellulose (PNC). The most important parameter in the preparation of propellant is nitrogen level, which should be higher than 12,75%. The dissolving pulps from softwood sulfite process (A), hardwood kraft process (B), and hardwood sulfite process (C) were pre-treated before nitration process, namely ball mill, willey mill, and blender. Nitrocellulose was made using two types of formulas, which were formula one (HNO3:HNO3 Fumming:H2SO4 = 1:3:12) and formula two (HNO3:HNO3 Fumming:H2SO4 = 1:1.25:4). The results showed that the preparation of nitrocellulose from dissolving pulp A using blender pretreatment and formula two provided the highest nitrogen level (14.05%). The burn test of nitrocellulose met the smokeless specifications. Furthermore, the functional groups test by FTIR showed the presence of nitro group.Keywords: dissolving pulp, nitrocellulose, propellant, nitrogen content, nitration process ABSTRAK Salah satu upaya untuk mengatasi ketersediaan kapas yang terbatas adalah dengan menggunakan pulp larut atau pulp rayon yaitu pulp dengan kandungan α-selulosa yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari formula dan bahan baku yang paling baik untuk pembuatan nitroselulosa sebagai bahan Propellant Nitro Cellulose (PNC) dengan menggunakan berbagai jenis pulp larut komersial. Parameter yang terpenting dalam pembuatan propelan adalah kadar nitrogen harus lebih dari 12,75%. Sebelum proses nitrasi, dilakukan beberapa cara perlakuan awal yaitu menggunakan ballmill, willeymill, dan blender terhadap pulp larut dari jenis kayujarum proses sulfit (A), kayudaun proses kraft (B), dan kayudaun proses sulfit (C). Nitroselulosa dibuat menggunakan dua jenis formula yaitu formula 1 (HNO3:HNO3 Fumming:H2SO4= 1:3:12) dan formula 2 (HNO3:HNO3 Fumming:H2SO4= 1:1,25:4). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembuatan nitroselulosa dari pulp larut A dengan perlakuan awal blender dan menggunakan formula 2 memberikan kadar nitrogen yang paling besar yaitu sekitar 14,05%. Sedangkan uji nyala nitroselulosa memenuhi spesifikasi smokeless dan uji gugus fungsi dengan FTIR menunjukkan adanya gugus nitro.Kata kunci: pulp larut, nitroselulosa, propelan, kadar nitrogen, proses nitrasi
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