Background In most developing countries, including Nigeria, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is associated with an increased risk of HIV acquisition and transmission, which often results in more frequent, lasting, and severe clinical outcomes. Despite the association between HSV-2 and HIV, knowledge regarding HSV-2 among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in northern Nigeria is elusive.Methods This cross-sectional study sought to determine the seroprevalence and molecular detection of HSV-2 among PLWHA attending a referral hospital in Northwestern Nigeria. Blood samples collected from 180 PLWHA were screened for HSV-2 IgM using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and then subjected to molecular characterization using HSV-2 specific PCR. Moreover, socio-demographic data and risk factors of the sampled population were collected using a structured questionnaire.Results The overall seroprevalence of HSV-2 was 6.1%, with 5.0% and 1.1% in females and males, respectively. However, no significant association (P > 0.05) existed between HSV-2 seroprevalence with marital status, gender, occupation, residence, educational level, age, history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), ethnicity, and the number of sex partners. In addition, condom use significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the risk of HSV-2 infection among the study population. However, only 5 (45.45%) of the 11 (100.0%) HSV-2 seropositive subjects were molecularly confirmed to be HSV-2 positive using PCR.Conclusion This is the first study to confirm the presence of HSV-2 infection among PLWHA in Northwestern Nigeria. Data obtained stress the need for surveillance of HSV-2 therapy, and public enlightenment on the use of condoms to reduce the risk of HIV transmission.
Background: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection triggers massive depletion of cluster of differentiation type 4 (CD4) T cells and is a known cause of developing active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection also has a negative impact on the immune response to HIV, accelerating the progression from HIV infection to AIDS. Aim of the work: is evaluation of plasma level of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in multi drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR/ TB) co infected with HIV. Materials and methods: This is a case-control study. A total of 130 participants were consecutively selected for the study.
Background: This is a case control study aimed to detect plasma level of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) cytokines in multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients and multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) monoinfected patients. Methods: This study determined the differences in plasma concentrations of pro-inflammatory (IL-2 and IFN-γ) cytokines in MDR-TB co-infected with HIV patients and MDR-TB monoinfected patients. Plasma levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ were measured in 130 participants (comprising 15 MDR-TB/HIV co-infected treatment naïve patients, 15 MDR-TB/HIV co-infected treatment experienced patients, 20 MDR-TB monoinfected treatment naïve patients, 20 MDR-TB monoinfected treatment experienced patients, 20 drug susceptible tuberculosis (DS-TB) co-infected with HIV treatment experienced patients and 40 apparently healthy control groups) using enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Results: Shows that the mean plasma level of IL-2 (210.02 ± 59.27 pg/ml) measured in MDR-TB co-infected with HIV treatment-naïve patients (group 1a) was significantly (p<0.026) lower compared to MDR-TB monoinfected treatment-naïve patients (244.20±108.07 pg/ml). Conversely the mean plasma levels of IFN-γ was significantly (p<0.041) higher in MDR-TB/HIV coinfected treatment-naïve patients (group 1a) (8.31±3.56 pg/ml) compared to MDR-TB monoinfected treatment-naïve patients (group 2a) (6.89±2.14 pg/ml). Conclusion: Our study revealed significantly reduced plasma level of IL-2 in MDR-TB and HIV coinfected patients compared with MDR-TB monoinfected subjects, suggesting a more advanced immunodeficiency in co-infected patients.
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