Background In most developing countries, including Nigeria, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is associated with an increased risk of HIV acquisition and transmission, which often results in more frequent, lasting, and severe clinical outcomes. Despite the association between HSV-2 and HIV, knowledge regarding HSV-2 among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in northern Nigeria is elusive.Methods This cross-sectional study sought to determine the seroprevalence and molecular detection of HSV-2 among PLWHA attending a referral hospital in Northwestern Nigeria. Blood samples collected from 180 PLWHA were screened for HSV-2 IgM using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and then subjected to molecular characterization using HSV-2 specific PCR. Moreover, socio-demographic data and risk factors of the sampled population were collected using a structured questionnaire.Results The overall seroprevalence of HSV-2 was 6.1%, with 5.0% and 1.1% in females and males, respectively. However, no significant association (P > 0.05) existed between HSV-2 seroprevalence with marital status, gender, occupation, residence, educational level, age, history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), ethnicity, and the number of sex partners. In addition, condom use significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the risk of HSV-2 infection among the study population. However, only 5 (45.45%) of the 11 (100.0%) HSV-2 seropositive subjects were molecularly confirmed to be HSV-2 positive using PCR.Conclusion This is the first study to confirm the presence of HSV-2 infection among PLWHA in Northwestern Nigeria. Data obtained stress the need for surveillance of HSV-2 therapy, and public enlightenment on the use of condoms to reduce the risk of HIV transmission.
Background:International evidence suggest that several child-related health outcomes and mother-children bondingare associated with depression among mothers. However, no studies documented this among Bangladeshi mothers. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the child-related factors associated with depression among mothers in urban Bangladesh.Methods:This cross-sectional studywas conducted among mothers of school-going children from Dhaka City of Bangladesh duringJune andDecember 2019. A multistage sampling technique was adopted and atotal of 324 mothers of school-going children (class V-VIII) from 12 schools of Dhaka City Corporation was selected. The inclusion criteria includedthe mothers of the children studying in the same school for at least six months. Depression was measured using a 20-item Self-Rating Depression Scale weighted to 100 percent, with 25-49 categorized as no depression and 50-59 as having depression.A binary logistic regression model was executedto identify the child-related factors associated with depression among mothers.Results:More than half of the participants (54.3%) were aged ≥40 yearsandhad up to HSC level education (52.5%).Most of them were homemakers (67.0%)and mothers of a girl child(53.1%). In addition, 82.1% of the participants lived in a nuclear family, and 52.8% of the participantshad a family income of ≥50,000 BDT. Adjusted analyses revealedthat mother’s depression was associated with child’s frequent complaint of headaches or stomachaches(aOR=13.19, 95% CI 3.03-57.37), having an injury (aOR=4.05, 95% CI 1.44-11.41), and unfriendly relationship with mothers(aOR=21.46, 95% CI 5.04-91.28).Conclusion:Findings of the present study identified severalchild-related factors such as sickness, injury, and unfriendly relationships with mothers are associated with depression among mothers of school-going children.Policymakers and public health practitioners should address the child-related factors linked to mother's depression as part of the management of overall depression among mothers in urban Bangladesh.
<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Groundnut (<em>Arachis hypogea </em>L.) also known as peanut is one of the world’s principal oilseed crop. The plant originated in South America, but is widely distributed throughout the tropic and warm temperate areas in Asia, Africa, Oceania, North and South America and Europe. This study aimed to evaluate the proximate content of some genotype of groundnut (<em>Arachis hypogea </em>L.).</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A total of<strong> </strong>four different groundnut varieties were used in this study; the varieties were obtained from international crop research institute for the semi-arid tropic (ICRISAT) Kano station. Samples selected were Samaru nut 11 (Samnut-11); Samaru nut 22 (Samnut-22); Samaru nut 23 (Samnut-23); and Samaru nut 24 (Samnut-24). The analysis was conducted in the animal laboratory faculty of Agricultural sciences, in Bayero University Kano, Nigeria. The moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber and nitrogen free extract of the samples were detected using a standard procedure adapted from official methods of analysis 1990. Data was analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were separated using Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) in SAS version 9.3. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The higher content of ash was found in Samnut-24 (4.4%), and Samnut-23 (11.8%) was found to have highest moisture. Samnut-23 has the highest content of crude protein (30.6%) and crude fiber (4.7%). A higher content of fat and oil (ether extraction) was found in Samnut-23 (40.0%) and a higher content of soluble carbohydrate (NFE) was found in Samnut-11(27.4%) and Samnut-22 (27.4%).</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Groundnut characteristically contained high level of oil and protein with low level of moisture, ash and carbohydrate; this makes it a potential source of edible-oil. The high protein of the defatted groundnut makes it good as cake for human consumption and useful as animal feeds. Samnut-23 has enriched edible-oil content and the crude protein, while Samnut-22 has low oil content and protein, but has enriched with NFE. Based on the conclusion it was recommended that further research should be carried out on the quality of proximate content of groundnut between the four varieties.</p>
Background: Bone setting practices contribute largely to alternative medicine almost all over the world. It’s commonly accessible in large parts of rural populations. The aim of the study was to determine the pattern of traditional and modern bone settings among the people in a selected community in Kano, Nigeria.Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional type of study carried out from January to May 2019 to determine the pattern of traditional and modern bone (TBS and MBS) settings among the people residing in Kano, Nigeria. A simple random sampling technique was used to select a total of 222 study participants from the selected community. In this study, a face-to-face interview technique was used to collect the information from the study participants using a semi-structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) 22.0 version.Results: In this study, about 34.7% were between 31-35 years and most of the respondents (28.4%) had secondary school level of education. Slightly above nine-tenths (90.1%) of the respondents stated that TBS is more preferable than MBS and the reason for preference were fear of amputation/operation (51.0%), lack of knowledge (32.0%), the attitude of health personnel (28.0%) and fear of the application of plaster of paris (25.0%).Conclusions: The finding of this study reveals more than half of the respondents had enough knowledge of both traditional and modern bone settings. The public should be educated about the modern method of bone setting and the complications of traditional bone setting.
Livelihood diversification can be referred to as attempts by individuals and households to raise diverse means of income to survive and improve their standard of living. The key driver of diversification is to increase income because the main source of income is not enough to provide a satisfactory livelihood. This study aimed to determine the factors influencing livelihood diversification in rural household poverty reduction in Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 30 rural households in South-Eastern Nigeria. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the households, and data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed using statistical software (SPSS version-20). The majority (63.3%) of the respondents were male, and about 50.0% had 5-10 family members. Most of the respondents (36.7%) were between 46-60 years of age. Food security (36.7%) was the major reason for livelihood diversification from all the respondents, followed by income with 33.3%. A statistically significant association was found between non-farm activity and land ownership. The study revealed that income was the main reason to engage in livelihood diversification in the rural household because more income is needed to adequately take care of the large family size. The influencing factor for non-farm activities was the market (demand and supply). A further study of a larger population of households in rural areas is needed to ascertain the extent of rural livelihood diversification.
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