The article is devoted to the analysis of the actions of such a body of local self-government in prerevolutionary Russia as zemstvo in organization of the cultural growth of the rural population of Stavropol province on the eve and in the early years of the First World War. The authors, depending on the basic principles and methods of historical research, have revealed and investigated the main forms and results of out-of-school education organized and supported by the zemstvo of Stavropol province within the existing powers, financial possibilities and wartime conditions. The results suggest that the highest interest, activity and success of zemstvo lecturers in educating fellow countrymen continue before and, even, during the First World War. Moreover, such activity broke the stereotypes of the hostile attitude of part of the Stavropol peasantry to a new form of management as zemstvo, and enabled to gradually establish in the region an algorithm of the organization and functioning of a local government system adequate to the needs of Russia in the beginning of the twentieth century.
The article analyzes the factors associated with the history of forming the basics and characteristic features of the phenomenon of the regional public as a constituent part of all-Russian modernization experiments in the second half of the 19th century. It was discovered that in the Stavropol Province, a Southern region of Russia, the evident minimal activity of the overwhelming majority of the population was determined by its peasant composition, the low number and poverty of the nobility and the prevalence of the merchant element in the urban self-government. At the same time, the points of growth were actively manifested through the so-called "newcomers" or nonresidents (those who moved into the region as a result of the abolition of selfdom in Russia and in fact could become full members of the established peasant "world"). These points of growth also included representatives of a number of confessions from those who could potentially, in the course of social development, open up to processes of public association in order to protect their social and cultural interests, having already certain traditions of organized activity, and welleducated population of the urban environment, constantly replenished by the steady development of the education system in the city and in the countryside and united in the framework of legal public organizations to solve various local problems.
The article deals with the issues of implementing the principle of estates in the system of social care in the 19th century in Russia, a country with the centuries-old tradition of charity and the population's structure that was represented with social estates as the main social groups vested with statutory duties and rights. The analysis focuses on the main forms and features of intra-estate charity among Russian peasants and merchants. The peasantry was the largest Russian estate, which, due to its social and financial position, had a constant need for large-scale social assistance in its various forms. The merchant class was the most secure, having a rich history of charitable activity in relation to representatives of all economically insolvent social groups, and, like all other Russian social estates, was vested with the primary statutory duty to take care of the "insufficient" members of their class.
The article is devoted to the problem of constructing a new cultural identity of the highlanders living in the Terek region during the period of 1860-1917. In this article, the authors proceed from the established ideas in the science that the entire evolution of Russian history is filled with the practice of organizing the coexistence of different cultural identities in their constant interrelated development. The specific historical examples show how the inclusion of the Northern Caucasus in the Russian Empire, the modernization processes experienced by Russia itself during this period, the conscious acceptance of the elements of new consciousness, norms and values by the highlanders, has influenced the rationalization of the culture of the Terek region population. Such factors as kunachestvo, borrowings in the material culture, the provision of highlanders with economic and trade opportunities to work peacefully and provide their families with the results of peaceful work, the integration of highlanders into education and enlightenment on a modern basis have become effective means of creating a mechanism of interpenetration of the highlanders' and Slavic cultures in the region and the formation of a new cultural identity of the North Caucasian highlanders.
The article deals with the problem of genesis and evolution of such a factor of Russian domestic policy as care for the poor. By the particular historical examples it is shown how, under the struggle for power between secular and religious authorities, in the period of completion of the unification of the Russian lands and the establishment of autocracy, the idea of care for the poor promoted by the church developed into ideology. As a church thesis on the necessity to take care of each other and give alms, it provided an opportunity to use the ideology and traditions of charity established in Old Russian society not only for harmonizing and stabilizing social relations and mitigating socioeconomic contradictions but also for strengthening the position of the state in struggle for property and power against the Russian Orthodox Church. The continued aspiration of the church to defend its privileges through the ideology of care for the poor as a major means of struggle alongside the manipulation of the idea of care for the poor on the part of the state led to strengthening the patriarchal thesis of poverty blessed by the God in Russian public consciousness.
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