Peripheral-nerve injury is a frequent cause of disability. Presently, no clinically effective neuroprotectors have been found. We have studied the NO-dependent expression of p53 in the neurons and glial cells of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of a rat’s spinal cord, as well as the role of NO in the death of these cells under the conditions of axonal stress, using sciatic-nerve axotomy as a model. It was found out that axotomy led to the nuclear–cytoplasmic redistribution of p53 in neurons, 24 h after trauma. The NO donor led to a considerable increase in the level of p53 in nuclei and, to a smaller degree, in the cytoplasm of neurons and karyoplasm of glial cells 4 and 24 h after axotomy. Application of a selective inhibitor of inducible NO-synthase (iNOS) provided the opposite effect. Introduction of the NO donor resulted in a significant increase in cell death in the injured ipsilateral DRG, 24 h and 7 days after trauma. The selective inhibitor of iNOS demonstrated a neuroprotective effect. Axotomy was shown to upregulate the iNOS in nuclei and cytoplasm of DRG cells. The NO-dependent expression of p53, which is particularly achieved through iNOS activation, is believed to be a putative signaling mechanism of neural and glial-cell death after axotomy.
Assessment of the effectiveness of treatment and recovery of reproductive functions of cows with fatty liver decease using a drug based on a healthy liver hydrolysate (the enzyme structures of the protein after acid treatment and centrifugation remain in the sediment of the tissue substrate, and their released amino acids become constituent components of the over-sediment solution of the hydrolysate). Two groups of animals of 15 heads each were formed: first-calf heifers entered the first group on the first day after calving, liver pathology was indicated by an increase in its borders during percussion, and animals with clinical signs of deep fatty liver disease were included in the second group a month after calving. The dose was 40 ml daily (20 ml intramuscularly and 20 ml subcutaneously), the course of treatment was 5 days. After the 1st stage, the remaining 25 cows of both groups were considered as one experimental group of the 2nd stage, which was periodically monitored until the next calving and insemination; the control was 25 animals not subjected to hepatoprotective therapy. Cows that underwent even one treatment procedure were better adapted to the newborn period and subsequent insemination. They have faster involution of the uterus and the resumption of the sexual cycle (P <0.001), higher fertility, and a greater number of healthy calves.
The nature of the mineral supply of certain biogeochemical provinces and their correlative interactions within biological organisms determine the degree of development of immunosuppressive states in animals. So we studied the level of minerals in the samples of hair and blood in cattle in the «mother-offspring» system and established the nature of the correlation of cobalt, zinc, iron and copper. It has been proven that low levels of cobalt (cows - 429.30 ± 4.05 nmol/l and calves - 430.80 ± 5.60 nmol / L) and zinc (cows - 7.21 ± 0.20 pmol/l and calves - 7.60 ± 0.15 pmol/l) against the threshold values of iron (cows - 17.90 ± 1.30 pmol/l and calves - 18.40 ± 1.80 pmol/l) and copper (cows - 13.90 ± 1.80 pmol/l and calves - 14.08 ± 1.05 pmol/l) in the blood caused hematopoietic function impairment and led to the development of mild hypochromic anemia (erythrocytes: cows - 6.01 ± 0.40x1012/l and calves - 6.36±0.50x1012/l) in animals in the «mother-offspring» system. In addition, metabolic disorders caused by nutritional deficiency of zinc contributed to a decrease in the synthesis of alkaline phosphatase (cows - 87.90 ± 5.10 U/l and calves - 126.80±4.02 U/l), exacerbating the disorder of erythropoietic function of red bone animal brain. A long-term imbalance of copper and zinc in the nutrient substrates of the studied animals was revealed, as evidenced by the results of a mineralogram of hairline samples (copper: cows - 13.910 ± 0.67 mg/kg and calves - 12.609 ± 0.70 mg/kg; zinc: cows - 57.960 ± 0.90 mg/kg and calves 60.315 ± 0.99 mg/kg), which ultimately led to a deficiency of zinc in the body, leading to the development of an immunosuppressive state (Ig M: cows - 0.99 ± 0.15 mg/ml and calves - 1.64 ± 0.05 mg/ml; Ig A: cows - 0.30 ± 0.05 mg/ml and calves - 2.05 ± 0.10 mg/ml).
The authors carried out monitoring studies to examine the epizootic process features and the manifestation of clinical signs and pathological changes in Marek’s disease in various poultry farms in the Rostov region. The disease was most often in chickens aged 1.5 to 6 months. Two forms of the disease were registered: classical (nervous) - 63.3% of cases, and tumor (visceral) - 36.7% of cases. There was an unequal manifestation of symptoms of the disease, because of the different state of natural resistance and immunological reactivity of sick birds. The main clinical signs of Marek’s disease in chickens included: oppression; loss of appetite; development of paresis and paralysis; violation of movement coordination; cachexia; anemic crest, earrings and visible mucous membranes; change in the shape and constriction of the pupil; depigmentation of the iris of the eyes; partial or complete loss of vision; lameness; damage to the feather follicles; and the formation of tumors on the skin. The mortality rate of birds with nervous lesions was 70%. The surviving birds died within 1–2 months from the development of neoplastic changes in the internal organs. The main pathological changes in Marek’s disease were thickening and destructive changes in nerve fibers; and neoplastic changes in the parenchymal organs, lungs, intestinal mesentery, gastrointestinal tract, muscle tissue and skin. Most often, the disease was registered in the personal subsidiary plots of citizens. It manifested itself in massive epizootic outbreaks, usually in a nervous form with a high morbidity and mortality. In poultry farms, the disease was recorded extremely rarely. As a rule, it manifested itself in a tumor-like form, in isolated cases among a small percentage of poultry. Keywords: poultry, chickens, Marek’s disease, clinical signs, pathological changes
The aim of the research was to study the dynamics of thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone of the pituitary gland in Stavropol breed sheep in postnatal ontogenesis and the establishment of thyroid status in animals before insemination, during pregnancy and after childbirth. Determination of concentration of total triiodothyronine, free thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone in serum was performed by solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) using standard test systems. As a result of the studies, the level of thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood of sheep of Stavropol breed in postnatal ontogenesis was determined. It was established that at the birth of lambs, the lowest level of triiodothyronine (2.55 ± 0.04 nmol/l), thyroxine (19.47 ± 0.45 pmol/l) and thyrotropic (0.31 ± 0.05 Mme/ml) hormone was observed in the blood, compared with other age periods. By the age of three months, the levels of triiodothyronine and thyroxine increased significantly by 7.7% and 24.8%, respectively. When comparing the data in six monthly young ewes, the concentration of all studied hormones was the highest in comparison with other age groups (triiodothyronine – 3.11 ± 0.21 nmol/l; thyroxine – 26.29 ± 0.97 pmol/l; thyrotropic hormone – 0.81 ± 0.09 Mme/ml). In the age of nine months, a significant decrease in triiodothyronine by 16.8%, thyroxine - by 13.2% and thyroid-stimulating hormone - by 34.6% was observed, compared with ewes of 6 month old. By the age of 12 months, only free thyroxine was significantly changed, its serum concentration increased by 9.5% and amounted to 25.21 ± 0.31 pmol/l, compared with the data of nine-month-old sheep. It was found that the concentration of triiodothyronine changes significantly in sheep after childbirth and is 2.53 ± 0.03 nmol/l, which is 6.3% more than in pregnant ewes. The level of thyroxine on the 90th day of pregnancy decreases by 5.3%, and by the 135th day by 16%, compared with the previous period of the study. Thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood serum of sheep on the 90th day of pregnancy becomes significantly lower by 29% (p ⩽ 0.05) than its concentration in non-pregnant ones. After childbirth, thyroid-stimulating hormone significantly increased by 26.66% (p ⩽ 0.05). As a result of the studies, in sheep of Stavropol breed, standard sizes of the level of thyroid gland hormones (triiodothyronine, thyroxine) and thyroid-stimulating hormone were established.
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