In this article the examines the degree of change of regional territories is examined with predominance of earth of the agricultural setting. In the Orenburg Region where in a number of administrative regions more than one third of the territory is plowed, necessity such the researches obvious. The analysis of the distribution of the land fund by category is carried out. Time changes in all land categories were studied, and the level of anthropogenic transformation was determined by the coefficient of land use, the coefficient that takes into account the intensity of agricultural land use and the coefficient of plowing of agricultural lands. A number of disproportions are formed in accordance with the maximum possible and optimal environmental parameters: a large agro-land plot (88,5%, with a norm for steppe zones of 60-65% and an optimal 40%), a lot of arable land (more than 50%, 40-45%), an extremely low proportion of forest land (5,16% in 10-15% and the optimal value of 15-20%), as well as a general lack of natural lands (OOP 0,19-0,64%). Undertaken studies testify to intensive development of agrolandscapes on territory of area, and necessity of artificial maintenance of the equilibrium state of agroecosystems, that can be arrived at only by totality of reclamative, agronomical and ecological events.
Widespread degradation of natural ecological systems dictates the need to establish their stability limits, which are largely reflected in the change of the environmental components properties as a result of various factors, primarily anthropogenic ones. Sustainability is expressed by a coefficient defined as the ratio of the areas of the territories under the elements of a favorable and negative impact. Determination of the coefficient of ecological stability implies taking into account the ecological significance of each of the biotechnical elements of the terrain. This methodology assumes several stages of research: analysis of the structure of the land fund of the region, identification of priority categories of land, assessment of the contribution of individual biotechnical elements within the categories in maintaining environmental sustainability and stability. The research was carried out on the territory of the Orenburg Region, where the agro-industrial sector prevails, characterized by a high rate of growth of disturbed lands. The assessment was carried out for the period from 2002 to 2016. The study showed that agricultural land is a priority area, accounting for 88,5% of the total area. They are divided into arable land (55,9%), fodder land (43,5%), perennial plantations (0,5%) and other lands (0,1%). The value of the stability coefficient during the whole period of the study is on average 0,36, which is 29,5% below the minimum norm and characterizes the territory as unstable. The maximum value of the stability index is 0,79 with an optimal value of at least 1, which allows us to classify the research area as less stable. The obtained values of the parameters studied make it possible to draw conclusions about going beyond the limits of the stability of the ecosystems in the Orenburg Region and violating the stability of their development. Reducing the burden on the land fund of the region under study will allow a differentiated approach, based on the system of ecological zoning.
An ecological substantiation of sustainability of geoecosystems at the territory of one of the centers of the petrochemical complex in the Republic of Bashkortostan was carried out on the example of district of Salavat. The researchers used the statistical data from the investment passport of the urban district of Salavat to rank the lands according to the degree of anthropogenic load and calculate the environmental stress, ecological fund, natural protection coefficient of the studied territories on the basis of B.I. Kochurov and E. V. Grivko methodology (Kochurov, 2013; Grivko, 2016). The last indicator was considered as an indicator of sustainability. The main contributors to air pollution are the facilities of the industrial sites of “Gazprom Neftekhim Salavat, LLC” and “Salavatsteklo, JSC”. The laboratory tests prove that the priority contaminants contained in the Belaya River are bicarbonate ions, among metals – calcium ions as well as organic substances. On the basis of the obtained data water pollution index was calculated for 10 priority impurities: bicarbonate ion, chloride ion, suspended solids, ions of calcium, magnesium, cobalt, lead, petroleum products and organic substances. Biotesting of samples of soil and surface waters of the Belaya River was carried out on watercress as an additional research method. The analysis made it possible, with a high degree of probability, to classify the concentration of industrial enterprises and their infrastructure on a narrow fifteen-kilometer strip along the left bank of the Belaya River as a leading geoecological problem of the studied territory. Such density of anthropogenic objects increases unsustainability of the natural-territorial complex. To create a positive ecological and economic balance, it is recommended to equip 10 % (1062 hectares) of land occupied by industrial enterprises with denser green spaces. Moreover, 6 % (637 hectares) of the arable land that is part of the urban district should be transferred to the category of pastures and hayfields, and 5 % (531 hectares) of roadside areas of the main highways should be equipped with seven-to-ten-row green belts. These simple measures can improve the situation and transfer the studied territory of the urban district of Salavat from an unsustainable state to a moderately sustainable one.
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