The tram service in Magnitogorsk is one of the main means of transportation. This study substantiates the cause-and-effect relationships of the tram service development and the industrial progress in Magnitogorsk. Due to the retrospective analysis of the transport infrastructure development singled out the tram service as a social factor in the cultural formation of an industrial society. By means of an abstract-logical method, based on factual historical evidence, the authors established that the authorities actively used trams to form the culture of citizens, to influence the nature of their social behavior. The periodization of the evolutionary change in people's behavior under the influence of the authorities when using trams to develop a positive attitude towards the industrialization of society is determined. The obtained results can be useful for the municipal authorities of Magnitogorsk to reassess the importance of tram service for modern society in the context of the displacement of this type of transport by the dynamic development of transport infrastructure.
The article dwells upon a transition character of the Ural proletariat at the post-reform time period. Both domestic and foreign historiography define the social image of the Russian worker of the 20th century second part as either proletarian or referring to a “half-worker and half-peasant” type, combining traditional pre-capitalist features with newer ones, characteristic of industrial manufacture. A manufacturer’s being connected to the land as well as forming a certain mentality combined with the professional skills are considered the main criteria while defining the Russian workers’ typology. Taking into consideration the Urals old tradition of industrial manufacture, the process of forming an independent class at the area progressed rather vigorously. Despite of land allotments availability, workers in the Urals got under influence of modernization. Treating scornfully peasant work, industrial workers purposefully separated themselves from peasants. Nevertheless, it will be wrong to speak about complete disappearance of traditional peasant psychology among the Ural proletariat of the said time period. The working class at the region used to belong to a transition type, therefore we can speak about its incomplete establishment as a bourgeois society class.
The mythologization of history and presence of unexplored aspects in the history of Estonia during the Second World War period prevent the establishing good-neighbourly relations and partnership between Russia and Estonia. Estonians’ life in the evacuation in the Urals is a ‘blank spot’ in the historiography. The article is based on the archival documents and sheds light on the situation of people evacuated from Estonia to the South Urals in the period 1941-1944. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of the evacuees’ composition is provided. The difficulties of Estonians’ adaptation in the Soviet rear are elicited. It is concluded that Estonians had the same problems as all evacuees in the USSR. Besides, their situation was worsened by the linguistic barrier, the level of poverty in the Urals in comparison with Estonia, impossibility to lead traditional work, the ignorance of the Soviet laws, the abhorrence of the Soviet system among parts of the evacuees. The problems arising between the locals and Estonian evacuees were caused by the differences in everyday practices and historical and cultural traditions, and not the national or religious identity. The short-term stay of Estonians in the Urals could not lead to cultural or linguistic assimilation.
ПОСТСОВЕТСКАЯ ИСТОРИОГРАФИЯ УКРАИНЫ: НОВЫЙ КАНОН НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ИСТОРИИАннотация. Создание нового национального нарратива стало ключевым элементом построения нации после распада Советского Союза. Исследования постсоветской истории развивались под влиянием антитоталитарной политической повестки и потребностью молодой нации в новых символах, героях, победах и трагедиях. Новый нарратив, разрушивший советские мифы, был создан на основе рассекреченных советских архивов и данных устной истории, многие идеи заимствовались из исследований ученых украинской диаспоры в странах Северной Америки, а также из досоветских концепций, важнейшая из которых была разработана М. Грушевским. Статья основана на историографических и исторических трудах, опубликованных в постсоветский период (1991-2021 гг.). Целью исследования -выявить новые подходы, актуальные темы, современную аргументацию, которые отличают историографию Украины от советского и российского нарративов. Более подробному анализу подвергнуты концепции, которые использовались украинскими политиками и наполняли идеями новую «каноническую» версию украинской истории. Это история Киевской Руси как протоукраинского государства, восстание запорожских казаков под руководством Богдана Хмельницкого и Переяславский договор 1654 г. как первый украинский проект создания государства и голод 1932-1933 гг. как величайшая трагедия украинского народа. Сделан вывод о том, что современная постсоветская украинская историография занимается проектом национального строительства, в то время как международный контекст актуализирует новые подходы, в том числе те, которые выявляют и разрушают национальные мифы, стирают культурные границы. Статья может быть интересна специалистам, занимающимся украинской историей и проблемами коллективной памяти.
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