A relationship between weight loss and inflammation has been described in patients with cancer. In the present study, the relationship between subjective global assessment (SGA) and the severity of inflammation, as defined by Glasgow prognostic score (GPS), as well as the relationship of both of these measures with the presence of complications and survival time, was assessed. In addition, we compared the diagnosis given by SGA with parameters of nutritional assessment, such as body mass index, triceps skinfold, midarm circumference (MAC), midarm muscle circumference (MAMC), phase angle (PA), adductor pollicis muscle thickness (APMT), and handgrip strength (HGS). According to the SGA, the nutritional status was associated with the GPS (P < 0.05), and both the SGA and GPS were associated with the presence of complications. However, the GPS [area under the curve (AUC): 0.77, P < 0.05, confidence interval (CI) = 0.580, 0.956] seems to be more accurate in identifying complications than the SGA (AUC: 0.679, P < 0.05, CI = 0.426, 0.931). Only GPS was associated with survival time. Comparing the different nutritional assessment methods with the SGA suggested that the MAC, MAMC, APMT, PA, and HGS parameters may be helpful in differentiating between nourished and malnourished patients, if new cutoffs are adopted.

BackgroundPreserved skeletal muscle is essential for the maintenance of healthy bone. Loss of bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle strength, considered a predictor of BMD, have been demonstrated in patients with cirrhosis, but they are poorly studied in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) without cirrhosis. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of low BMD and its association with body composition, muscle strength, and nutritional status in CHC.MethodsOne hundred and four subjects [mean age, 50.5 ± 11.3 years; 75.0% males; 67.3% non‐cirrhotic; and 32.7% with compensated cirrhosis] with CHC, prospectively, underwent scanning of the lean tissue, appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM), fat mass, lumbar spine, hip, femoral neck, and whole‐body BMD by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Muscle strength was assessed by dynamometry. Sarcopenia was defined by the presence of both low, ASM/height2 (ASMI) and low muscle strength according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People criteria. The cut‐off points for low ASMI and low muscle strength, for women and men, were < 5.45 and < 7.26 kg/m2 and < 20 and < 30 kg, respectively. According to the adopted World Health Organization criteria in men aged > 50 years, the T‐score of osteopenia is between −1.0 and −2.49 standard deviation (SD) below the young average value and of osteoporosis is ≥−2.5 SD below the young normal mean for men, and the Z‐score of low bone mass is ≤−2.0 SD below the expected range in men aged < 50 years and women in the menacme. Nutritional status evaluation was based on the Controlling Nutritional Status score.ResultsLow BMD, low muscle strength, pre‐sarcopenia, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity were observed in 34.6% (36/104), 27.9% (29/104), 14.4% (15/104), 8.7% (9/104), and 3.8% (4/104) of the patients, respectively. ASMI was an independent predictor of BMD (P < 0.001). Sarcopenia was independently associated with bone mineral content (P = 0.02) and malnutrition (P = 0.01). In 88.9% of the sarcopenic patients and in all with sarcopenic obesity, BMI was normal. The mid‐arm muscle circumference was positively correlated with ASMI (r = 0.88; P < 0.001).ConclusionsThis is the first study to demonstrate that ASM is an independent predictor of BMD in CHC. Mid‐arm muscle circumference coupled with handgrip strength testing should be incorporated into routine clinical practice to detect low muscle mass, which may be underdiagnosed when only BMI is used. These findings may influence clinical decision‐making and contribute to the development of effective strategies to screen the musculoskeletal abnormalities in CHC patients, independently of the stage of the liver disease.

Malnutrition is highly prevalent in patients with colorectal cancer. The nutritional status was associated with the GPS.

Objective: Because cirrhotic patients are at high risk of malnutrition and sarcopenia, we evaluated the prevalence of low fat‐free mass index (FFMI) and low phase angle (PhA) among patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Methods: In total, 135 subjects with CHC (50.4% males; mean age, 52.4 ± 11.8 years; 65.9% noncirrhotic and 34.1% compensated cirrhotic patients) were prospectively included and evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Subjective global assessment was used to evaluate malnutrition. Results: Low FFMI and low PhA were identified in 21.5% and 23.7% of the patients, respectively. Compensated cirrhotic patients had lower PhA values than those without cirrhosis. Low FFMI was associated with male sex (odds ratio [OR], 2.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00–7.01; P = .04) and malnutrition (OR, 4.27; 95% CI, 1.42–12.90; P = .01). Low PhA was associated with cirrhosis (OR, 3.92; 95% CI, 1.56–9.86; P = .004), malnutrition (OR, 5.52; 95% CI, 1.73–17.62; P = .004), and current alcohol use (OR, 2.77; 95% CI, 1.01–7.58; P = .05). Reactance (Xc) normalized for height (H), an indicator of muscle strength, was independently associated with male sex, age, hypertension, and serum albumin. Conclusion: Host factors, including clinical comorbidities, lifestyle, and nutrition status, are associated with low FFMI and low PhA in noncirrhotic and in compensated cirrhotic patients with CHC. These findings highlight the relevance of evaluating body composition in patients chronically infected by hepatitis C virus independently of the stage of liver disease.

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Malnutrition, which is a significant comorbidity in end-stage of all chronic liver diseases, has been recognized as a significant factor related to poor HRQOL. Of note, in individuals chronically infected with HCV, low muscle skeletal mass, an early indicator of undernourishment, precedes the development of cirrhosis. Because of the strict linkage between HRQOL, nutrition and physical activity, the assessment of the musculoskeletal system abnormalities in every patient with CHC, independently of the stage of the liver disease, is of utmost relevance. Maintenance of healthy skeletal muscle is essential to reduce the negative effects of sarcopenia on HRQOL. Otherwise, overweight/obesity and chronic HCV infection can cause insulin resistance, which has been associated with HRQOL impairment.

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