The primary goal of the study is to analyze the spatial-temporal trends and distribution of flood events in the context of climate change in Armenia. For that purpose, some meteorological parameters, physical-geographical factors and the flood events data were studied for the 1994–2019 period. The linear trends demonstrate an increasing tendency of air temperature and precipitation. Those trends expressed increased flood occurrences, especially for the 2000s, whereas Mann–Kendall (MK) trend test reveals no significant change. The number of flood events reaches its maximum in 2011 with its peak in May. Out of 191 flood events, half of the occurrences are recorded in the flat areas and southern aspects of the mountains (22% of the country's territory). There is a certain clustering of flood events in the areas with up to 5° slopes (66% of flood events). The most flood vulnerable areas were analyzed and mapped via Geographical Information System (GIS). The GIS-based mapping shows the location of flood vulnerable areas in the central, northern parts of the country, and the coastal areas of Lake Sevan. Our methodological approach elaborates the localization of flood-prone sites. It can be used for the flood hazard assessment mapping and risk management.
The quantitative and qualitative evaluations of long-term trends and spatial distribution of heatwaves (HW) are carried out in Southern Armenia (Syunik province). For this purpose, the daily average maximum air temperature data (T max ) from four meteorological stations (Sisian, Goris, Kapan, and Meghri) are studied for the 1936-2019 period. The HW catchment algorithm and a new concept of HW (which is called potential HWs [PHWs]) are developed. The presence of trends and their significance for different HW measures are assessed utilizing linear and exponential trends, Sen's slope, and Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test. The results show that HWs become increasingly frequent and intense. Moreover, they have extended duration, as they emerge earlier and fade later in Syunik province. Significant variation trends of HW are observed (e.g., the frequency of HWs increased up to five times), especially after the 1990s in southern and central parts of the province. Contrary to this, relatively weaker or no trends occurred in the northern parts. Our methodological approach successfully determines the HW measures' trends in the province based on the relief features and altitude differences. The outcomes highlight their notable impact on the progression of HW. Overall, this study provides significant insights into understanding HW's variations and their transformation in the mountainous areas. K E Y W O R D S climate change, heatwave (HW), maximum temperature (T max ), potential HW (PHW),
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