As embedded systems get more complex, deployment of embedded operating systems (OSs) as software run-time engines has become common. In particular, this trend is true even for batterypowered embedded systems, where maximizing battery life is a primary concern. In such OS-driven embedded software, the overall energy consumption depends very much on which OS is used and how the OS is used. Therefore, the energy effects of the OS need to be studied in order to design low-energy systems effectively.In this paper, we discuss the motivation for performing OS energy characterization and propose a methodology to perform the characterization systematically. The methodology consists of two parts. The first part is analysis, which is concerned with identifying a set of components that can be used to characterize the OS energy consumption, called energy characteristics. The second part is macromodeling, which is concerned with obtaining quantitative macromodels for the energy characteristics. It involves the process of experiment design, data collection, and macromodel fitting. The OS energy macromodels can be used conveniently as OS energy estimators in high-level or architectural optimization of embedded systems for low-energy consumption.As far as we know, this work is the first attempt to systematically tackle energy macromodeling of an embedded OS. To demonstrate our approach, we present experimental results for two wellknown embedded OSs, namely, µC/OS and embedded Linux OS.
Abstmct-Modern embedded systems are typically built A. Related Work using an operating system (OS) (frequently an embedded OS).As energy consumption has become an important issue in the design of embedded systems (e.g., mobile computing and wireless communication devices), various techniques have been developed for the design of energy-efficient embedded software.In OS-driven embedded systems, the OS has a significant impact on the system's energy consumption directly (energy consumption associated with the execution of the OS functions and services), as well as indirectly (interaction of the OS with the application software).As a fist step towards designing energy-efficient OS-based embedded systems, it is important to develop methodologies to analyze the energy consumption of the embedded OS. We present, in this work, an energy simulation framework that can be used to analyze the energy consumption characteristics of an embedded system featuring the embedded Linux OS running on the StrongARM processor.
In this paper, we describe a comprehensive high-level synthesis system for control-flow intensive as well as data-dominated behaviors. We propose a new control-data flow graph model to preserve the parallelism inherent in the application, as well as to facilitate high-level synthesis. Our algorithm, which is based on an iterative improvement strategy, performs clock selection, scheduling, module selection, resource allocation and assignment simultaneously to fully derive the benefits of design space exploration at the behavior level. The system can be used to optimize area, power or energy, by selecting the cost function accordingly. Experimental results show that for energy-optimized designs, energy is reduced by up to 79.4% (an average of 42.2%), with an average of 24.8% area overhead, compared to area-optimized designs. For power-optimized designs, power is reduced by up to 70.8% (an average of 56.7%), with an average of 25.2% area overhead, compared to area-optimized designs. No V dd scaling is performed to obtain the above results.
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