Background: Safe blood transfusion can be a crucial lifesaving intervention in many clinical situations.For safe blood products donor selection is the first and foremost measure of blood donation. Objective:Aim of the study to determine the incidence and causes for deferral in blood donors. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study was done at Transfusion medicine department in Delta Medical College and Hospital, Bangladesh during 6 months period. In current study data were extracted from the register book and analyzed. Prospective donors were confidentially interviewed and examined and screened for causes of temporary and permanent deferral of blood donation. Data were presented as charts, table and analyzed with Microsoft Excel. Result: A total of 2215 directed donors were studied,of them, 1555 (73.52%) were male and 560 (26.48%) females. Predominantly blood donors belonged to 31–40 years of age group (38.01%). Out of 2115 directed donors, 423 (20%) were deferred. Deferral was significantly more likely in female. The most common cause for deferralwere history of anemia (27.66%). Other causes were antibiotic & medications, high blood pressure, low blood pressure, frequent donation, Positive HBsAg, HCV markers, suspected addiction, and vaccination. Conclusion: Effective measures are required for documenting the deferred donors and appropriate preventive intervention program should be undertaken for prevalent causes of deferrals, like low Hb, Infections with HBV etc. Anemia is the most prevalent reason of temporary deferral for blood donation in this region of Bangladesh. Other reasons were hypertension, hypotension,suspected addiction, vaccination etc. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 03 July’22 Page: 645-647

Objectives: To compare pain, systemic lidocaine toxicity and complications between periprostatic with intraprostatic local anaesthesia for transrectal prostate biopsy. Methods: This study was carried out in the Department of Urology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka Medical College (DMCH) and Comfort Nursing Home, Dhaka during the period of January 2009 to October 2009, For this purpose, a total number of 60 consecutive patients having increased prostate specific antigen (PSA >4.0ng/ml), abnormal DRE/transrectal ultrasound were admitted in the above mentioned hospitals were enrolled in this study for surgical management. Results: The age ranged from 50 to 90 years and the maximum number was found in the age group of 61-70 years in both groups. The mean(±SD) age was 68.5±7.5 years and 70.3±8.2 years in group I and group II respectively. The mean(±SD) PSA was 17.0±12.8ng/ ml with their PSA ranged from 5.9- 62.8ng/ml in group I and in group II was 17.2±17.3ng/ml with their PSA ranged from 4.6 – 55.1ng/ml, which was not significant (p>0.05) between two groups. Normal digital rectal was found 14(46.7%) and 16(53.3%) in group I and group II respectively. Carcinoma was found 13(43.3%) and 14(46.7%) in group I and group II respectively and rest of them were benign in group I and group II respectively. The mean(±SD) pain degree during biopsy was 2.6±1.1 and 2.0±1.2 in group I and group II respectively according to allocated pain score. Pain degree after 30 minutes of biopsy, most of the patients had no pain in both groups. Pain during anesthesia it was found that 4(13.3%) and 13(43.3%) of the patients had no pain in group I and group II respectively. The mean(±SD) pain degree during anesthesia was 2.7±1.2 and 2.1±1.2 in group I and group II respectively. Conclusion: It is a simple and safe method that is less painful and it should be considered in all patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. The decreased discomfort of this procedure may enable more core biopsies to be taken in patients at high risk for prostate cancer or in those with an enlarged prostate Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 15, No. 2, July 2012 p.33-39

Background : Asthma affects more than 100 million people worldwide. Increased morbidity is multifactorial and may include increased exposure to indoor allergens and environmental pollutants, overuse of beta-2 agonist, underuse of anti-inflammatory mediators and limited education about health care. Allergy represents a specific alteration in biologic reactivity mediated by an immunologic mechanism and resulting in an adverse physiologic response. Objective : Some of the type of allergen's sensitivity by skin prick test and serum total IgE level were studied in adult asthmatic patients to observe their relationships. Methods : This study was carried out in the department of Physiology, Bangabandhu Sheik Mujib Medical University, Dhaka and Asthma center,Mohakhali, Dhaka from January 2005 to December 2005. Allergen skin prick tests (SPT) were done by Pepy's skin prick method and serum total IgE level by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay method on 30 asthmatic patients and 30 age and sex matched control subjects .Data were analyzed statistically by unpaired student's 't' test and Chi-squares test. Results: In this study, maximum numbers of asthmatic patients had positive SPT for dust mite which was followed by house dust and by cockroach. Frequency percentage for dust mite was significantly higher(P<0.05) than that of house dust and cockroach .It was also significantly higher in house dust than that of cockroach (P< 0.001). The mean serum total IgE level was significantly higher (P<0.001) in asthmatic adults compared to that of healthy subjects. . On the other hand, the association between the positive skin prick tests of all allergens used in this study and elevated serum total IgE were not statistically significant (P >0.05). Conclusion : Therefore , it can be concluded that different allergens like, house dust, dust mite and cockroach are responsible for bronchial asthma in our country which can be detected by SPT. Thus it can be used for identification of type of actual allergens responsible for bronchial asthma which may be a useful measure for earlier detection of allergens and for hyposensitization or desensitization of that patients accordingly with those allergens.

Objective: In this study, we aimed at making a comparison between the laparoscopic nephrectomy and open nephrectomy in terms of post-operative pain and pethidine consumption. Methods: The study has been designed with patients who underwent prospective and randomized laparoscopic and open nephrectomy operation. We assessed the post-operative pain through visual analogue scale (VAS) at the 0st, 2nd, 4th, 8th, 12th, 18th, and 24th post-operative hours. We carefully recorded the intraoperative and post-operative results along with the post-operative pain-relieving analgesic doses. Results: A total number of 30 patients were included in this study. The VAS scores of the two groups did not demonstrate a significant difference, but the analgesic (Pethidine) requirement was significantly lower in the laparoscopic group (p=0.031). The groups demonstrated no difference in terms of adverse effects. Conclusion: Along with similar perioperative results, laparoscopic nephrectomy offers an advantage in case of post-operative pain with regard to analgesic requirement and hospital stay duration. Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 23, No. 1, January 2020 p.31-35

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of one-shot dilation (OSD) in standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Methods: This is a prospective, single -center study conducted between January 2017 to June 2019. Patients who underwent PCNL using one shot dilatation (21 – 24 Fr) for access in PCNL were included in the study. Access time, fluoroscopy time, successful dilation time, stone free rate, decrease hemoglobin level and transfusion rate, complication rate, length of post operative hospital stay, cost were recorded. Data was analyzed and reported using summary statistics. Results: A total of 30 patients were enrolled in this survey. 30 patients in one shot dilation (OSD) group.The mean age was 39.5 years. Control group of 30 patients were included in standard PCNL procedure where method of tract dilation was done by regid Amplatz dilators. Access time and fluoroscopy time in OSD group was approximately shorter. Statistically it was significant. Successful dilation and stone free rate were subsequently 98% and was significant. Data collected included patient access time, radiation exposure, total operating time, preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin concentrations, tract dilatation failures, complications and transfusions. Conclusion: The use of one shot and standard prone position under general anaesthesia combines the advantages of these both methods including less radiation exposure and shorter access and operative time. One shot dilation technique is safe, economical and feasible technique with added advantage,lesser radiation exposure and lesser chance of blood transfusion. Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 23, No. 2, July 2020 p.114-117