This article aims to explain how the involvement and success of the Persatoean Arab Indonesia (PAI) in integrating Arab-Hadrami society into a part of the Indonesian nation. PAI was originally a social organization founded in Semarang in 1934. But along the way, this organization turned into a political organization because of the demands of its time. This article uses historical research methods in four steps, i.e., heuristics, verification, interpretation, and historiography. The main source in this article is the personal archive of A. R. Baswedan, organizational archives of Persatoean Arab Indonesia (PAI), and Koempoelan Toelisan Gerakan al-Irsjad. While the supporting sources come from contemporaneous newspapers, e.g., Pewarta Arab, Insaf, Matahari, Al-Ma’arif, ad-Dahna, Hadhramaut dan Aliran Baroe, as well as secondary sources derived from books, journals, and other scientific articles relevant to this topic. The results showed that: (1) Persatoean Arab Indonesia (PAI) was founded as a solution to reconcile the opposition among sayidi and non-sayid groups that divided the Arab-Hadrami community in the Dutch East Indies. Along the way, PAI then gained the support of the two conflicting groups; (2) PAI succeeded in integrating the Arab-Hadrami community into part of the Indonesian nation. Although at first the Indonesianized of this organization was doubtful, with its various programs, PAI managed to attract sympathy from nationalists and the Indonesian people that they were part of this nation.
This article compares how the Indonesian, specifically the urban people respond to the pandemic during the history. In 1918, Indonesia, formerly known as the Dutch East Indies, witnessed a pandemic of the Spanish Flu that killed thousands of lives. A century later, Indonesia is once again experienced with the lethal Covid-19 pandemic. The emphasized responses are specific on countermeasures and vaccination programs during the Spanish Flu 1918 and Covid-19 pandemics. The primary source of this research is the archive of annual reports (Kolonial Verslag) Dutch East Indies government 1920 and a report from the Dutch East Indies Civil Health Service (Burgerlijken Geneeskujdigen Dienst), as well as supported by newspapers such as: Sin Po, Oetoesan Hindia, Pewarta Soerabaia, Tjhoen Tjhioe,Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad, and Andalas. This article also aims at understanding how the Indonesian people are handling pandemics, both the Spanish Flu and the Covid-19 pandemics. The action taken by the government in tackling the Spanish flu and Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia is to issue regulations to reduce activities in the public domain. This regulation has proven successful in reducing the spread of the Spanish flu pandemic in the past and Covid-19 in the present. This research found that Indonesian urban in the past and today have similar points of view, the irrational views and rational views, this is proofed from the emergence of unique, local-rational, and uncontrollable news and rumours because of the amplification of news about the outbreak. The difference is that in the past, religious responses were expressly confronted with the news but in the present, it is more moderate and open to cooperating with programs from the government. The spectrum from the news of the past outbreaks is not as large as that of the present. Mass media with information technology to social media are further expanding the spectrum from outbreak news to produce more powerful amplifications. It also affects the polarization of the masses that respond rationally and irrationally to the outbreak.
Pandangan normatif dan historis menjadi topik kajian hangat yang saat ini banyak diperbincangkan oleh para cendekiawan muslim di berbagai negara, termasuk Indonesia. Sosok Fazlur Rahman dan Amin Abdullah menjadi dua tokoh sentral dalam perkembangan kedua pandangan tersebut. Kedua tokoh ini menekankan pentingnya reinterpretasi ajaran agama sesuai dengan konteks zaman, sehingga akan membantu memperjelas persoalan religiositas manusia. Artikel ini berfokus untuk membahas pengaruh pandangan normatif dan kesejarahan dalam sejarah Islam, serta menekankan pentingnya kesejarahan sebagai cara memahami umat Islam yang begitu plural. Artikel ini menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan yang penulis gunakan sebagai langkah dalam mengumpulkan sumber-sumber pustaka, membaca, mencatat, dan menganalisis sumber-sumber yang telah diperoleh. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa masih banyak peneliti sejarah, khususnya dalam lingkup sejarah Islam, yang menggunakan pandangan normatif. Padahal, dengan pluralitas umat Islam di seluruh dunia, pandangan historisitas lebih dibutuhkan sebagai cara memahami sejarah Islam sesuai dengan fakta dan data yang ada. Namun dalam perkembangannya di tengah pesatnya kemajuan teknologi dan ilmu pengetahuan, pandangan normatif yang lebih kaku semakin ditinggalkan, dan digantikan oleh pandangan sejarah yang lebih fleksibel dan dapat menjelaskan suatu peristiwa sesuai dengan konteks zamannya.
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