Proper migration of cells through the dense and complex extracellular matrix (ECM) requires constant restructuring of the ECM to allow cells to move forward in a smooth manner. This restructuring can occur through the action of extracellular enzymes. Among these extracellular enzymes is the ADAMTS (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease with ThromboSpondin repeats) family of secreted extracellular proteases. Drosophila stl encodes an ADAMTS protease expressed in and around the peripheral nervous system (PNS) during embryogenesis. The absence of stl displayed one specific neuron, the v'ch1 sensory neuron, migrating to its target sooner than in wild type. During normal development, the v'ch1 sensory neuron migrates dorsally at the same time it is extending an axon ventrally toward the CNS. Surprisingly, in the absence of stl, the v'ch1 neuron migrated further dorsally as compared to the wild type at stage 15, but did not migrate past its correct target at stage 16, suggesting a novel role for this extracellular protease in inhibiting migration of this neuron past a certain point.
Casting is one of the useful processes in producing products from utensils to machinery components. However, major disadvantage of this process is accompanying of casting defects, which bring great loss to the industry. Casting defects occur due to various parameters which are hard to control under the industrial environment.Many researchers have conducted investigations to find the best combination of process parameters which causes minimum casting defects. Some of them have successfully reduced the casting defects below 5% by varying the moulding sand properties. Local pump manufacturers are currently suffering from drawbacks in production of grey cast iron water pump casings due to high rate of sand casting defects that is around 10% which leads to water leakage. This research focuses on analysis of these casting defects quantitatively and qualitatively, and their causes and suggesting effective solutions. It was found that shrinkage and blowholes are two critical defects leading to water leakage of water pump casing. Generally, it is well known that moulding sand properties, metal pouring temperature, design of gating system and chemical composition of the raw material are vital factors that lead to the formation of casting defects. The influence of these major factors on formation of shrinkage and blowholes was studied. The experimental results showed that improper design of gating system and deviation of the moulding sand properties relative to the moulding sand prepared for castings dominantly affect the shrinkage and blowhole defects.
As a globalized world struggles with division and disinformation, engaging across difference has emerged as a major challenge to communication and collaborative action needed to address growing global challenges. As such, the initiative by Tibetan Buddhist leaders to incorporate western science in curricula for monastic education may serve as an important case study that illuminates the conditions and processes at work in genuine cultural outreach and exchange. That project, spearheaded in the Emory-Tibet Science Initiative (ETSI), involves reaching out across two quite different communities of practice, Tibetan Buddhism and science, and the willingness and ability of individuals to cross the boundaries between them. In the study reported here, we apply existing understandings of communities of practice and of learning mechanisms that mediate boundary crossing to probe for presence of conditions and processes that promote effective outreach among Tibetan Buddhist monastic students. We deploy analysis of qualitative survey, interview, and self-report data from monastic students shortly after ETSI began (2009) and after science education had been rolled out in the monasteries (2019) to, first, identify initial cultural conditions related to outreach and engagement with science, and, second, probe for post-rollout presence of boundary crossing learning mechanisms among monastic students which facilitate communication from one community of practice to another. We found a range of robust initial cultural conditions (e.g., perceived overlap in subjects and methods of inquiry), along with strong presence of mechanisms that facilitate boundary crossing (e.g., reflection, transformation) and operate through time. We observed cascading effects of these conditions and mechanisms on student engagement with science. Furthermore, interactions of these conditions and mechanisms allow monastic students to engage with science on their own Buddhist terms and to regard learning science as potentially beneficial rather than threatening to their personal or collective Buddhist goals.
Led by His Holiness the Dalai Lama, the initiative taken by the Tibetan Buddhist monastic community to connect with western science and scientists presents a unique opportunity to understand the motivations and engagement behaviors that contribute to monastic science learning. In this study, we draw on quantitative data from two distinct surveys that track motivations and engagement behaviors related to science education among monastic students. The first survey was administered at one monastic university in 2018, and the second follow-up survey was completed by students at two monastic universities in 2019. These surveys assessed the reception of science education related to motivations among monastics and their demonstration of engagement-with-science behaviors. We also tested for variation over time by surveying students in all years of the science curriculum. We identified that monastic students are motivated by their perception that studying science has an overall positive effect and benefits their Buddhist studies, rather than negatively affecting their personal or collective Buddhist goals. In accordance with this finding, monastics behave in ways that encourage fellow scholars to engage with science concepts. Survey responses were disaggregated by years of science study and indicated changes in motivation and engagement during the six-year science curriculum. These insights support the relevance of considering motivation and engagement in a novel educational setting and inform ongoing work to expand the inclusiveness of science education. Our findings provide direction for future avenues of enhancing exchange of knowledge and practice between Buddhism and science.
An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different pruning systems on the yield and quality of tomatoes grown under greenhouse at the National Centre for Organic Agriculture, Yusipang for the growing period of March to November 2019. The experiment was conducted with a randomized complete block design with a single factor at three different levels viz. single leader system (T1), double leader system (T2), and unpruned plants (T3) which were treated as the control for the experiment. All the leaves and axillary shoots below the first flower cluster were pruned off. For treatment T1, only the main stem was encouraged to grow. As for the treatment T2, the sucker growing just below the cluster was also encouraged to grow along with the main stem. This sucker served as the second leader. No pruning of leaves or axillary shoots was carried out in the control plot (T3) at all times. The plants that were pruned started fruiting and maturing earlier than that of unpruned plants. It was also observed that the vegetative and reproductive growth of plants was lengthened by pruning. Although the plants pruned into a single leader system yielded higher than the double leader and the unpruned plants, no statistically significant differences were observed amongst the means of the total yield. The difference in the individual fruit weight, length and diameter amongst the treatments were also found to be statistically not significant. The findings from this research suggest that although pruning gives a higher yield than control there is no significant difference in the yield of tomatoes grown in greenhouse till the 6th harvest. Pruning the plants to a single leader system proved to improve the fruit quality substantially for tomatoes grown in the greenhouse.
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