Although sexual assault prevention programs have been increasingly successful at improving knowledge about sexual violence and decreasing rape-supportive attitudes and beliefs among participants, reducing sexually assaultive conduct itself remains an elusive outcome. This review considers efforts to support change for individuals by creating prevention strategies that target peer network and community-level factors that support sexual violence. To this end, the article examines successful ecological prevention models from other prevention fields, identifies the components of multilevel prevention that appear critical to efficacy and discusses their application to existing and emerging sexual violence prevention strategies.

AIAN women experience high rates of interpersonal violence and trauma that are associated with a host of health problems and have important implications for health and mental health professionals.

Factors associated with the well-being of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth were qualitatively examined to better understand how these factors are experienced from the youths’ perspectives. Largely recruited from LGBTQ youth groups, 68 youth participated in focus groups (n = 63) or individual interviews (n = 5). The sample included 50% male, 47% female, and 3% transgender participants. Researchers used a consensual methods approach to identify negative and positive factors across 8 domains. Negative factors were associated with families, schools, religious institutions, and community or neighborhood; positive factors were associated with the youth's own identity development, peer networks, and involvement in the LGBTQ community. These findings suggest a pervasiveness of negative experiences in multiple contexts, and the importance of fostering a positive LGBTQ identity and supportive peer/community networks. Efforts should work towards reducing and eliminating the prejudicial sentiments often present in the institutions and situations that LGBTQ youth encounter.

Objective: Currently, there is debate in the eating disorders field regarding how to define atypical anorexia (AAN), how prevalent it is in community and clinical settings, and how AAN rates compare with low-weight AN. This systematic review assesses AAN literature from 2007 to 2020, to investigate: (a) the demographic characteristics of AAN studies, (b) the prevalence of AAN compared with AN, (c) the range of operational definitions of AAN and the implications of these definitions, and (d) the proportion of patients with AAN and AN represented in consecutive admission and referral samples. Method: PsychINFO, CINAHL, PubMed, Greylit.org, and ProQuest databases were searched according to methods for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses systematic reviews, yielding 3,184 potential articles. Seventy-five eligible studies were coded for sixty-one variables.Results: Clinical samples predominantly included younger, female, white samples with limited diversity. In epidemiological designs, AAN was typically as common or more common than AN, and AAN rates varied significantly based on the population studied and operational definitions. In consecutive clinical samples, AAN was frequently less represented.Discussion: Although AAN appears to occur more frequently than AN in communities, fewer patients with AAN are being referred and admitted to eating disorder specific care, particularly in the United States. Given the significant medical and psychosocial consequences of AAN, and the importance of early intervention, this represents a crucial treatment gap. Additionally, results suggest the need for finetuning diagnostic definitions, greater diversity in AAN studies, and increased screening and referral for this vulnerable population. ResumenObjetivo: Actualmente, hay debate en el campo de los trastornos alimenticios sobre c omo definir la anorexia atípica (ANA), cu an prevalente es en entornos comunitarios y clínicos, y c omo las tasas de ANA se comparan con AN de bajo peso. Esta revisi on sistem atica evalúa la literatura de ANA de 2007 a 2020, para investigar: 1) las características demogr aficas de los estudios de ANA, 2) la prevalencia de ANA en comparaci on con AN, 3) el rango de definiciones operativas de ANA y las

Background Family-centered care is a proposed way of supporting family involvement with a child’s care and decreasing distress associated with a child’s critical illness by improving communication, helping manage stress and coping, and decreasing conflicts. Nurses are critical to successful implementation of family-centered care. Objectives To describe nurses’ perceptions of the benefits and challenges of providing family-centered care in pediatric intensive care units. Methods Semistructured interviews of 10 bedside and charge nurses in pediatric, cardiac, and neonatal intensive care units. Questions were related to 4 domains: the intensive care unit environment and its relationship to the structure and delivery of critical care, stressors for nurses and families, communication challenges and strategies, and involvement of families in care and decision-making. Results The main thematic finding was the nurses’ descriptions of a “balancing act” to provide quality family-centered care. The balancing act was characterized by the interaction between 2 types of changes: (1) intensive care unit policies related to visitation hours and family presence at the bedside and (2) physical transformations in the intensive care unit from shared open space to individual private rooms. Conclusions All of the nurses viewed the transition to family-centered care as having benefits for families. They also described how changes had created new challenges for the delivery of nursing care in intensive care units, particularly regarding mentorship and the safety of patients and staff.

Objective: Despite the proliferation of bystander approaches to prevent aggression among youth, theoretical models of violence-related bystander decision making are underdeveloped, particularly among adolescents. The purpose of this research was to examine the utility of two theories, the Situational Model of Bystander behavior (SMB) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), for identifying mechanisms underlying adolescent bystander behavior in the context of bullying and teen dating violence (TDV). Method: Data were collected via face to face (local) and online (national) focus groups with 113 U.S. adolescents aged 14-18 and were subsequently analyzed using deductive and inductive coding methods. Results: Youth endorsed beliefs consistent with both the SMB and TPB and with additional constructs not captured by either theory. Adolescents reported a higher proportion of barriers relative to facilitators to taking action, with perceptions of peer norms and social consequences foremost among their concerns. Many influences on bystander behavior were similar across TDV and bullying. Implications: Findings are organized into the proposed Situational-Cognitive Model of Adolescent Bystander Behavior, which supports the tailoring of bystander interventions. For teens, intervening is a decision about whether and how to navigate potential social consequences of taking action that unfold over time; intervention approaches must assess and acknowledge these concerns.

This study uses longitudinal data spanning 13 years from a study of 234 adolescent mothers to evaluate the effects of cumulative domestic violence on employment and welfare use before and after welfare reform. Domestic violence increased the odds of unemployment after welfare reform, but not before; domestic violence had no effect on welfare use during any time period. Psychological distress after welfare reform was associated with unemployment, but not with welfare outcomes. Thus, the authors found that the direct effect of domestic violence on unemployment is not mediated by concurrent level of psychological distress. The relationship of psychological distress to unemployment exists only for those with a history of domestic violence. Cumulative domestic violence can have negative effects on economic capacity many years after the violence occurs, suggesting that policymakers recognize the long-term nature of the impact of domestic violence on women's capacity to be economically self-reliant.Keywords domestic violence; employment; welfare reform; mental health; adolescent mothers After the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 (PRWORA; U.S. Pub. L. , researchers began to document that domestic violence is a serious problem for many women interacting with the welfare system (Tolman & Raphael, 2000). Welfare reform shifted policy priorities from the provision of a basic income floor for poor children and their mothers to a primary focus on moving mothers into the workforce. Although research has indicated that economic hardship is one of the main motivations for remaining with a violent partner (see Anderson & Saunders, 2003, for a review), little is known about the long-term effects of intimate partner violence on women's economic resources, particularly under a new welfare policy regime. For economically stressed battered women, employment may be the road to self-sufficiency and freedom from abuse, or it may be an expectation that cannot be fulfilled because of the violence and its consequences (Brandwein, 1999). At this time, no studies are available that assess the long-term impact of domestic violence on economic outcomes such as employment and welfare use since the passage of PRWORA. Further research has been called for that addresses proximal and distal effects of violence, as well as whether these effects are mediated by the mental health sequelae of abuse ).The present study uses prospective longitudinal data spanning 13 years to evaluate the shortand long-term effects of cumulative domestic violence experienced during the transition from adolescence to adulthood on subsequent employment and welfare use. The data derive from a study of adolescent mothers, a group at high risk for poverty because of their early parenting (Garfinkel & McLanahan, 1994) and at high risk for domestic violence because of their age (Straus, Gelles, & Steinmetz, 1980). We assess work and welfare outcomes before and after the implementation of welfare reform, testing first for the direct ...

Survey research in the field of intimate partner violence is notably lacking in its attention to contextual factors. Early measures of intimate partner violence focused on simple counts of behaviors, yet attention to broader contextual factors remains limited. Contextual factors not only shape what behaviors are defined as intimate partner violence but also influence the ways women respond to victimization, the resources available to them, and the environments in which they cope with abuse. This article advances methods for reconceptualizing and operationalizing contextual factors salient to the measurement of intimate partner violence. The analytic focus of the discussion is on five dimensions of the social context: the situational context, the social construction of meaning by the survivor, cultural and historical contexts, and the context of systemic oppression. The authors consider how each dimension matters in the measurement of intimate partner violence and offer recommendations for systematically assessing these contextual factors in future research. Keywords intimate partner violence; contextual factors; survey research; measurementIn the past 30 years, research has documented high levels of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization among women (Straus, Gelles, & Steinmetz, 1980;Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000). Within the field of research on IPV, scholars have used qualitative and quantitative methods to study the epidemiology of IPV and abuse-related fatalities, the pervasive economic and physical and mental health consequences of victimization for women, and the effects of differing policies for the identification and response to IPV and have developed interventions to prevent violence and its sequelae. This body of research has fostered a growing awareness that IPV plays a significant role in social processes as diverse as parent-child attachment, youth delinquency, and HIV risk prevention. For example, studies have demonstrated an association between IPV and HIV risk factors such as engaging in unprotected sex (Gilbert et al., 2000;Maman, Campbell, Sweat, & Gielen, 2000) and having a sexually transmitted illness (ElBassel, Gilbert, Wu, Go, & Hill, 2005;Wu, El-Bassel, Witte, Gilbert, & Chang, 2003). Thus, IPV has been both a focus of research attention in determining prevalence and sequelae and one factor among many in survey research projects studying diverse social phenomena. Although incorporating IPV as a factor in survey research designs represents a step forward in our recognition of the interconnections between IPV and other social processes of interest, problems arise when the conceptualization and measurement of IPV are strictly reduced to the behavioral level (e.g., capturing only whether or not hitting or other violent behaviors occur) without awareness of the contextual factors that are important to assess in research on IPV.A rich body of literature has evolved in the study of IPV that critiques the decontextualized, behaviorally focused measurement of IPV (for a summary of these ar...