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Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC; undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma) is a rare and perpetually fatal malignant tumour accounting for 1 to 2 percent of all thyroid gland neoplasms. It usually affects elderly people, with a mean age in the mid 60s, and shows a female predominance. 1 The osteoclast-like giant cell-rich variant of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is extremely rare and is characterised by the presence of a large number of multinucleated giant cells resembling osteoclasts. We report here this unusual tumour

In this paper, first time a rare case of solitary metastasis of papillary carcinoma of thyroid in the kidney diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology has been described.

Background Germ cell tumours infrequently metastasise to body cavities, where early detection on fluid samples is possible and can spearhead early treatment and survival. Materials and methods A total of seven cases of metastatic germ cell tumours were retrieved out of 7500 effusion samples received for cytopathological examination from 2015 to 2021. Detailed cytological features of metastatic germ cell tumours in effusion samples were studied, along with a correlation between clinical, radiological, and histopathological features. Results A total of seven cases of metastatic germ cell tumours were analysed in effusion samples which included dysgerminoma (2), immature teratoma (2), yolk sac tumour (1), embryonal carcinoma (1), and mixed germ cell tumour (1). The smears showed predominantly discrete or loose clusters of cells. The cells with round nuclei and prominent nucleoli were helpful in detecting dysgerminoma and yolk sac tumours. Immature teratoma showed tiny groups of small cells and mature squamous cells. Serum tumour markers were raised in the majority of cases. Conclusion Metastatic germ cell tumours in effusion are uncommon, but detailed clinical history, including serum markers and characteristic cytological features, are helpful in their diagnosis.

Aims In this paper, we reviewed the basic principle and the currentstatus of digital cytopathology. Materials and Methods We reviewed the published papers on digitalcytology and analysed its future prospects. Results Virtualcytology using digital platform is being increasingly used to render diagnosisrather than conventional glass slide microscopy. Whole slide imaging (WSI)offers the prospect of true virtual microscopy and in the near future, may evenreplace glass slides in routine practice. It may be pivotal in diagnosing andtraining pathology graduates faster and more accurately. Conclusion The digital cytopathology is a promising field and may have great impact indiagnosis, research and teaching.

Background:The diagnosis of cases of atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is challenging for both cytopathologists and clinicians. It is extremely difficult to predict the risk of malignancy based on cytological features alone. Aims and Objectives:In this study, we attempted to construct an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict the risk of malignancy in FNAC cases of AUS/FLUS in thyroid lesions based on cytological features. Materials and Methods:We included two groups of AUS/FLUS cases: (1) 29 cases of histopathologically proven malignancy, and (2) 32 cases that had either been histopathologically proven to be benign, or for which no progress of malignancy on follow-up had been observed in the last 2 years. Cytological characteristics were analysed semi-quantitatively by two independent observers (TS and PD). Based on these data, we tried to generate an artificial neural network (ANN) model to differentiate between malignant and benign cases. The performance of the ANN was assessed using the confusion matrix and receiving operator curve.Results: There were 29 malignant cases of AUS/FLUS (histopathologically proven) and 32 benign/follow-up cases in this study. There were 41 cases in the training set, 9 cases in the validation set and 11 cases in the test set. In the test group, the ANN model successfully distinguished between all benign (5/5) and malignant cases (6/6).The area under the receiver operating curve was 1. Conclusion:The present ANN model is well structured and coherent to distinguish malignant from benign outcomes in AUS/FLUS cases on cytology smears with no error. This is an open-ended ANN model, and additional parameters and more cases could be included to make the model more robust.

Background The significant advancement in digital imaging, data management, advanced computational power, and artificial neural network have an immense impact on the field of cytology. The amalgamation of these areas has generated a newer discipline known as computational cytology. Aims and objective In To discuss the various important aspects of computational cytology. Materials and methods We reviewed the different studies published in English during the last few years on computational cytology. Result Computational cytology is a newer and emerging discipline in pathology that deals with the patient's meta‐data and digital image data to make a mathematical model to produce diagnostic interpretations and predictions. The role of the cytologist is now changing from a simple observational scientist and slide interpreter to a dynamic and integrated multi‐parametric prediction‐based scientist. Conclusion In the current stage, the cytologist must understand the situation and should have a vision of the complete scenario on computational cytology.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma is a neuroendocrine tumor derived from parafollicular or ‘C’ cells with sporadic and familial forms. Fine needle aspiration cytology is a quick way to establish the diagnosis. Sometimes a usual tumor may show prominent spindling on cytomorphology due to sampling issues, which poses a diagnostic challenge. When encountering spindled tumor cells on cytology smears from the thyroid, differential diagnoses encompass many benign and malignant lesions. We present cytological findings of the usual type of medullary thyroid carcinoma showing extensive spindling on cytology smears, which was a diagnostic dilemma. An accurate diagnosis was reached with the judicious use of immunocytochemistry on the cell block. We also discuss the available literature, differential diagnoses, and how to troubleshoot.