BackgroundPrevalence of non-communicable diseases are a challenging problems among menopausal women specially in a least developed country like Bangladesh, where majority of women suffering from at least one chronic diseases after menopausal age. So, the main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and related risk factors in Bangladeshi pre- and post-menopausal women living in the rural setting.MethodsThis study is based on a community based cross-sectional survey among 1802 rural women aged ≥15 years. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the criteria of NCEP-ATP III. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between menopausal status and metabolic syndrome and its components.ResultsMetabolic syndrome was presented in 25.6% respondents and it was more prevalent among post-menopausal (39.3%) as compared to pre-menopausal (16.8%) women. Logistic regression analysis reveals that prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 1.78 times higher in post-menopausal women than pre-menopausal women (P = 0.001). Prevalence of high blood pressure, elevated fasting blood glucose, and high triglyceride were significantly higher in post-menopausal women than pre-menopausal women (P < 0.05). However, prevalence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly lower in post-menopausal women than pre-menopausal women (P < 0.001).ConclusionsMetabolic syndrome seems to be a major health problem among post-menopausal women in many developing countries like Bangladesh and proper policy emphasis should be given on its prevention and control.
BackgroundParity increases the risk for coronary heart disease; however, its association with metabolic syndrome among women in low-income countries is still unknown.ObjectiveThis study investigates the association between parity or gravidity and metabolic syndrome in rural Bangladeshi women.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in 1,219 women aged 15–75 years from rural Bangladesh. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the standard NCEP-ATP III criteria. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between parity and gravidity and metabolic syndrome, with adjustment of potential confounding variables.ResultsSubjects with the highest gravidity (> = 4) had 1.66 times higher odds of having metabolic syndrome compared to those in the lowest gravidity (0-1) (P
trend = 0.02). A similar association was found between parity and metabolic syndrome (P
trend = 0.04), i.e., subjects in the highest parity (> = 4) had 1.65 times higher odds of having metabolic syndrome compared to those in the lowest parity (0-1). This positive association of parity and gravidity with metabolic syndrome was confined to pre-menopausal women (P
trend <0.01). Among the components of metabolic syndrome only high blood pressure showed positive association with parity and gravidity (P
trend = 0.01 and <0.001). Neither Parity nor gravidity was appreciably associated with other components of metabolic syndrome.ConclusionsMulti parity or gravidity may be a risk factor for metabolic syndrome.
BackgroundEarly age at menarche is associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome in both China and the West. However, little is known about the impact of age at menarche and metabolic syndrome in South Asian women, including those from low-income country, where age at menarche is also falling. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether age at menarche is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome in Bangladeshi women, who are mostly poor and have limited access to and or poor health care facilities.MethodsThis community-based cross-sectional study was performed using 1423 women aged between 15–75 years from rural Bangladesh in 2009 and 2010. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to standard NCEP-ATP III criteria. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between age at menarche and metabolic syndrome, with adjustment of potential confounding variables, including age, education, marital status, tobacco users, use of contraceptives and number of pregnancies.ResultsEarly onset of menarche (<12 years) as compared to late onset (>13 years) was found to be associated with a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (odds ratio=1.55; 95 % confidence interval =1.05-2.30). Age at onset of menarche was also inversely associated with prevalence of high triglycerides (P for trend <0.01) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P for trend = 0.01), but positively associated with prevalence of high fasting blood glucose (P for trend =0.02). However, no significant association was found between age at menarche, high blood pressure and elevated waist circumference.ConclusionEarly onset of menarche might promote or trigger development of metabolic syndrome. Thus, knowledge of the history of age at onset of menarche may be critical in identifying women at risk of developing metabolic syndrome and those likely to benefit the most from early interventions.
The magnitude of hemodynamic changes associated with tracheal intubation with the Trachlight is almost the same as that which occurs with the direct laryngoscope. Hemodynamic changes are likely to occur because of direct tracheal irritation rather than direct stimulation of the larynx.
We used dexmedetomidine for more than 2 months in a mechanically ventilated infant without serious adverse effects. An infant with liver cirrhosis of unknown cause underwent living donor liver transplantation at the age of 9 months. Long-term mechanical ventilation was required postoperatively, and midazolam with fentanyl had been used to sedate the patient. They required increase to 1.7 mg.kg(-1).h(-1) and 3.5 microg.kg(-1).h(-1), respectively, which were still inadequate. On postoperative day 29, dexmedetomidine was added. The rate of dexmedetomidine infusion was increased gradually to 1.4 microg.kg(-1).h(-1). It was discontinued temporarily to exclude drug-induced liver dysfunction. However, without dexmedetomidine, adequate sedation level was unattainable. Liver dysfunction was likely to be attributed to cytomegalovirus infection and after restarting dexmedetomidine, the respiratory condition improved. He was extubated 10 weeks after the operation. Dexmedetomidine was successfully tapered off over the following 2 weeks with no signs of withdrawal. Dexmedetomidine was a useful sedative for an infant who required mechanical ventilation for a prolonged period of time.
Taken together, these data led us to conclude that landiolol ameliorates the up-regulation of HIF-1α-ET-1 system in minimally morphologically-injured kidney and normalizes biomarkers of renal injury in early hours of endotoxemia of a rat model.
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