Objective: Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a public health threat in resource-limited countries where it is easily disseminated and difficult to control. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of tuberculosis, rifampicin-resistant/multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and associated factors among presumptive tuberculosis cases attending the tuberculosis clinic of Adare General Hospital located in Hawassa city. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 321 tuberculosis suspected patients from April to July 2018. Socio-demographic, environmental, and behavioral data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Sputum specimens were analyzed using GeneXpert. Data entry was made using Epi info version 7 and analyzed by SPSS version 20. Logistic regression models were used to determine the risk factors. A p-value less than 0.05 was taken as a cut point. Results: In this study, the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was 98 (30.5%) with 95% confidence interval (25.5–35.8), and the prevalence of rifampicin-resistant/multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among the 98 Mycobacterium tuberculosis confirmed cases was 4 (4.1%). The prevalence of rifampicin-resistant/multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among the tuberculosis suspected patients was 1.24%. Participants who had a history of treatment with anti-tuberculosis drugs were more likely to develop rifampicin-resistant/multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Conclusions: This study identified relatively high rifampicin-resistant/multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among tuberculosis suspected patients in the study area. Early detection of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis should be given enough attention to strengthen the management of tuberculosis cases and improve direct observation therapy short-course and eventually minimize the spread of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis strain in the community.

Introduction: Diarrhea is one of the public health important diseases in developing countries. Among the causative agents of diarrhea, Salmonella serovars and Shigella species continue to play a major role in resource-limited countries. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella, risk factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles among adult patients with complaints of diarrhea. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among adult patients with complaints of diarrhea at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from March 2019 to November 2019. A structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic, behavioral, and environmental characteristics of participants. Fecal samples were inoculated onto Selenite F broth and Xylose Lysine Dextrose media to isolate Salmonella serovars and Shigella species. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer method. Data were analyzed by SPSS computer software version 20. Bivariate and multivariable analysis was used to determine the association between dependent and independent variables. Results: The overall prevalence of Salmonella serovars and Shigella species was 8.6% with 95% confidence interval (3.2–13.8). Participant those who do not wash their hands were three times more likely to be infected with Salmonella and Shigella ( p < 0.001) than their counterparts. Participants who consume uncooked food had about two times the chance to be infected with Salmonella and Shigella ( p < 0.001) than their counterparts. All serovars of Salmonella and serotypes of Shigella were resistant to ampicillin. Conclusion: In this study, relatively a high prevalence of Salmonella serovars and Shigella species was found among adult patients with complaints of diarrhea at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Consuming uncooked food and not washing hands were significantly associated with the prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella.