The article presents a framework for comparing the policy-making rights of the parliamentary opposition in the parliamentary democracies of Central and Eastern Europe (Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine). The right of the parliamentary opposition to oppose the government formed by the ruling majority is a fundamental feature of liberal democracy. The application of constitutional values (democracy and rule of law) in Central and Eastern European states demonstrates the actual level of fragmentation, polarization and cartelization of the opposition. The Rule of Law Index 2021 explicitly shows that, among the Central and Eastern European countries surveyed, Lithuania ranks 18th, the Czech Republic 22nd, Poland 36th, Hungary 69th and Ukraine 74th. The Rule of Law Index refers to limitations of government powers, absence of corruption, open government and other issues related to the mission of the parliamentary opposition. It is concluded that, the distance (not only ideological) between the ruling majority and the parliamentary opposition is based on the ability to form government, participation in policy making, scrutiny of strategy and (populist) government policy.
Modern models of social development emphasize the prevalence of positive examples of solving complex national and political problems aimed at finding peaceful ways to conduct dialogue and resolve existing conflicts or misunderstandings. The purpose of the article is to analyze the practical challenges and develop recommendations in defining the statute of national minorities and indigenous peoples in the European Union. The article is based on theoretical methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, structural-functional and dialectical methods. The article analyzes the current problems of the existence of indigenous peoples in the EU countries, the legal rules governing the mechanism for the realization of the rights of national minorities. The author identifies the main challenges that arise in the process of legal regulation of ethnonational policy in the EU. Among them, in particular, the author identifies the politicization of the issue of national minorities and the denial of their existence. Similarly, the political factor is relevant for the legalization of indigenous peoples, which leads to the weak development of legal instruments. It is proposed to use international UN documents to formulate national legislation, to demand legal prosecution of any manifestations of discrimination at the public level, and to develop a legal framework for terminological aspects of definitions. The conclusions emphasize the importance for the EU candidate states (including Ukraine) to pay leading attention to the problem of indigenous peoples and national minorities.
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