Recently,
green synthesis of silver/silver chloride nanoparticles
(Ag/AgCl-NPs) has gained a lot of interest because of the usage of
natural resources, rapidness, eco-friendliness, and benignancy. Several
researchers reported that silver-based biogenic NPs have both antimicrobial
and anticancer properties. In the present study, Ag/AgCl-NPs were
synthesized from
Zizyphus mauritiana
fruit extract, and their antibacterial, antifungal, and antiproliferative
mechanisms against human MCF-7 cell lines were evaluated. Synthesis
of Ag/AgCl-NPs from the
Z. mauritiana
fruit extract was confirmed by the changes of color and a peak of
the UV–visible spectrum at 428 nm. The nanoparticles were characterized
by transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, X-ray
powder diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, atomic force microscope,
and Fourier transform infrared. Antibacterial activity was checked
against four pathogenic bacteria and two fungi. Cytotoxicity was checked
against human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and mice Ehrlich ascites
carcinoma (EAC) cells by MTS assay and clonogenicity assay. Cell morphology
of the control and nanoparticle-treated MCF-7 cells were checked by
Hoechst 33342, YF488-Annexin V, and caspase-3 substrates. The level
of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was studied by using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate
staining. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for gene expression.
Synthesized nanoparticles were heat stable cubic crystals with an
average size of 16 nm that contain silver and chlorine with various
functional groups. The synthesized Ag/AgCl-NPs inhibited the growth
of three pathogenic bacteria (
Bacillus subtilis
,
Shigella boydii,
and
Escherichia coli
) and two fungi (
Aspergillus
niger
and
Trichoderma
spp.). Ag/AgCl-NPs inhibited the growth of MCF-7 and EAC cells with
the IC
50
values of 28 and 84 μg/mL, respectively.
No colony was formed in MCF-7 cells in the presence of these nanoparticles
as compared with control. Ag/AgCl-NPs induced apoptosis and generated
ROS in MCF-7 cells. The expression level of FAS, FADD, and caspase-8
genes increased several folds with the decrease of PARP gene expression.
These results demonstrated that the anti-proliferation activity of
Ag/AgCl-NPs against MCF-7 cells resulted through ROS generation and
induction of apoptosis through the Fas-mediated pathway.
Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) is a life-threatening tick-borne viral infectious disease endemic to South Asia and has been taking so many lives every year in the past decade. But recently, this disease has been witnessed in other regions to a large extent and can become an epidemic very soon. In this paper, a new fog computing based e-Healthcare framework has been proposed to monitor the KFD infected patients in an early phase of infection and control the disease outbreak. For ensuring high prediction rate, a novel Extremal Optimization tuned Neural Network (EO-NN) classification algorithm has been developed using hybridization of the extremal optimization with the feed-forward neural network. Additionally, a location based alert system has also been suggested to provide the global positioning system (GPS)-based location information of each KFD infected user and the risk-prone zones as early as possible to prevent the outbreak. Furthermore, a comparative study of proposed EO-NN with state of art classification algorithms has been carried out and it can be concluded that EO-NN outperforms others with an average accuracy of 91.56%, a sensitivity of 91.53% and a specificity of 97.13% respectively in classification and accurate identification of risk-prone areas.
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