Using a phenomenological approach, this study aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of the lived experiences of Kashmiri women suffering from breast cancer within the context of their day-to-day lives. Snowball sampling and theoretical sampling techniques were employed for recruiting participants. Data collection was primarily based on the principles of data saturation. Data saturation occurred after 12 women with breast cancer were interviewed. Data was collected using face-to-face in-depth individual interviews. The interview guide consisted of open-ended questions. To attain the utmost variation, sumptuousness and profundity of responses, interviewer asked probing, specific, and interpreting questions during interviews. Data analysis of the transcripts was based on Graneheim and Lundman’s (Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Education Today 2004;24:105–12) procedures for taking out themes in qualitative data. Two main themes emerged that explained the lived experiences of women with breast cancer: (i) challenges encountered (altered body image, embarrassment, perceived worries, financial constraints, dealing with negative attitudes and stigma) and (ii) coping strategies (reliance on religion and spirituality, social support, living as usual, optimistic attitude and will to recover, and venting out). The findings revealed that breast cancer diagnosis influences women significantly as they acknowledged that it wasthe most traumatic experience of their life; however, with time, they started to accept the reality and made use of various methods to cope with their illness.
Estimating the quantitate contribution of climate and land use change is necessary for planning water resources. Tarbela catchment in Pakistan was selected for this study. The Mann Kendall and Pettit test has been used for trend analysis of hydro climatic variables. Original climate elasticity method and improved empirical model of precipitation have been used. The results of trend analysis showed that precipitation and runoff trends decreased and potential evaporation trends increased. The annual rainfall and runoff presented a change point around the years 1999 and 1994 respectively. According to change point analysis, the runoff series was divided into two parts. The period before change point has been regarded as the pre-change period and the period after change point has been regarded as the post change period. According to the original climate elasticity method, the relative contribution of climate change and land use change has been computed as 39.3% and 60.7% respectively. Similarly the improved empirical model of precipitation showed relative contributions of climate change as 41.7% and the same for land use change as 58.3%. To validate the land use change contribution we prepared land use maps. It can be concluded that land use and climate change are responsible for runoff change in Tarbela catchment, and both methods performed well and results are in agreement.
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