Objective: The research work was aimed at assessing the prevalence and risk factors of Peste-des-petits-ruminants (PPR) in goats in some selected areas of Bangladesh along with a comparison of different hemato-biochemical parameters of PPR infected goats. Materials and methods: A presumptive diagnosis of PPR was done based on clinical signs and symptoms. A structured record keeping sheet was used for the estimation of prevalence and risk factors of PPR in goat. A total of 103 blood samples were collected randomly and analyzed for hemato-biochemical parameters using automated hemo-analyzer. Results: Out of 103 cases, Black Bengal (59%) and young goats aging minimum-12 months (43.85%) were recognized as highly susceptible to PPR disease. Strong association was found among all the three factors such as age, breed and sex (RR>1). All the values of hematological parameters such as TEC, TLC, Hb, PCV, and DLC were decreased in PPR affected goat as compared to healthy goats except lymphocyte counts, which was increased significantly (P=0.00). The amount of total protein (3.15 gm/L) and albumin (16.88 gm/L) were reduced drastically in PPR affected goats. Conclusion: The lymphocyte content in blood was significantly increased where as the total protein and albumin percent were decreased in the goats affected with PPR. Moreover, this variation in blood profile due to PPR virus infected in goat might be a good indicator in this disease diagnosis.

Game birds are silent controller of maintaining ecological balance. To study the prevalence of intestinal parasites in game birds, a total of 60 birds (budgerigar, parrot, cockatoo, dove, turkey and teeter) were collected from several places of Dhaka Municipality area, during the period of June 2017 to November, 2017. Alongside the effects of age, sex, season and treatment on the prevalence of parasitic infection in game birds were studied. Coprologic analysis revealed that the overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was 45%, of which 21.67% of Ascaridia galli, 10% for Balantidium coli and 13.33% for Eimeria spp. The prevalence of Ascaridia galli was 28.7%, t 22.22% and 16.6% in teeter, budgerigar and parrot respectively. Eimeria spp. (16.67%) in budgerigar. The prevalence of Ascaridia galli was highest (25%) followed by Eimeria spp (16.67%) in parrot. The prevalence of Ascaridia galli in cockatoo was 16.67%. In dove prevalence of Balantidium coli (44.44%) was highest followed by Ascaridia galli (22.22%). The prevalence of Eimeria spp. and Balantidium coli were highest (25%) followed by Ascaridia galli (12.50%) in turkey. The prevalence of Ascaridia galli was highest (28.57%) followed by Eimeria spp (14.23%) in teeter. Age of this game birds had significant (p> 0.05) influence on the infections and odds ratio of Chick (<6 month) vs young (>6 month to 1 year), young vs adult (>1 year) and chick vs adult were 1.28, 1.08 and 1.4 respectively. The sex of the game birds had significant (p>0.05) influence on the infections with intestinal parasites and odds ratio of male vs female was 0.81. Game birds had significant (p>0.05) on the infection in the seasons of the year and odds ratio of summer vs winter was 2.12. Game birds had significant (p>0.05) on the infection in the treatment given and the odds ratio of treated vs non-treated was 0.89. It may be concluded that game birds, irrespective of age, sex, season, treatment, intestinal parasites are the serious threat to game birds in Dhaka Municipality area, Bangladesh.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the socio-economic structure of water buffalo farming at some selected coastal areas of Bhola district of Bangladesh. Data were collected from the 35 small and large farms by surveying during the period January to March, 2015. The study revealed that buffalo rearing was mostly practiced by middle (30-45yrs) and old (>45yrs) aged farmers than young farmers (<30yrs). Majority (45.71%) of the buffalo farmers were educated, have no organized housing facilities for sheltering and depend on locally available roughages and tree leaves to fed buffaloes. The average lactation length was found 228 days andmilk yield was 2.1 litres/ buffalo/ days. The Gross Margin and Net farm profitability per dairy buffalo per lactation year over cash cost and non-cash cost were stood at Tk. 55866.65 & Tk. 51127.89 and Tk.44954.65 & Tk. 40435.39  for Herd size-1 and Herd size-2, respectively that indicates rearing of small- scale dairy buffaloes is highly profitable at coastal belt areas in Bhola District. The average Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) was accounted for 1:7.51 and 1:3.11, respectively over cash and total cost basis considering both herds. Finding of this study indicates that buffalo rearing is highly profitable in the coastal areas of Bangladesh and a crucial pathway for poverty alleviation.Progressive Agriculture 27 (4): 502-510, 2016

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic, parasitic infection caused by the intracellular, apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which infects all homeothermic animals including humans. The parasite has a major economic impact on the livestock industry. This is especially true for small ruminants (sheep, goats) as it is one of the most likely reasons for reproductive disorders in these animals. Primary infection in sheep and goats can result in a fetus that is mummified or macerated, fetal embryonic death, abortion, stillbirth, or the postnatal death of neonates, all of which threaten sheep and goat rearing globally. Humans can also become infected by ingesting bradyzoite-containing chevon or mutton, or the contaminated milk of sheep or goats, highlighting the zoonotic significance of this parasite. This article reviews the advances in vaccine development over recent decades and our current understanding of the immune response to toxoplasmosis in small ruminants (sheep, and goats).

Toxoplasma gondii affects the health of humans and livestock and causes severe illness in the fetus and immunocompromised individuals. Because of the high incidence and severe consequences of T. gondii infection, a safe and suitable vaccine is needed. We found that lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) consisting of a series of functional materials prepared with vitamin E, such as SS-cleavable and pH-activated lipid-like materials (ssPalmE), were a safe and efficient way to develop next-generation DNA vaccines. In this study, we prepared ssPalmE-LNP to encapsulate pCpG-free-T. gondii dense granule protein 15 DNA (ssPalmE-LNPTgGRA15). Following a challenge infection with avirulent PLK strain of T. gondii, the mice immunized with ssPalmE-LNPTgGRA15 had a significantly higher survival rate and lower clinical scores compared with unimmunized and ssPalmE-LNPnon-coding-immunized mice. Immunization of mice with the ssPalmE-LNPTgGRA15 led to a significantly higher production of specific IgG1 and IG2c antibodies compared with unimmunized and ssPalmE-LNPnon-coding-immunized mice, while there was no statistically significant difference in the concentration of serum interferon-gamma at the acute stage of the infection. These findings indicate that ssPalmE-LNP is an effective cargo for the transportation of DNA vaccines for protozoan infections. To explore the mechanism of protective immunity induced by ssPalmE-LNPTgGRA15, further immunological study is needed in the future.

Caesarean Section is a surgical procedure in which an incision is given through the abdominal wall and uterus in order to deliver fetus. It is also known as C-section is one of the most challenging surgical procedures in case of dystocia to save fetus live. A 6 years old HF cross breed cow, weighing 300 kg was admitted to the Teaching Veterinary Hospital (TVH), Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) with a history of prolonged labour pain. At first all the physical examination was done. Blood sample was collected to know different parameters of serum and blood. As Per vaginal examination revealed incomplete dilation of cervix. Then, it was decided and performed caesarean section using left oblique laparotomy and a live female fetus was delivered. Post operative care was taken for 10 days. The cow recovered successfully without any complications. The cow was followed for next one year. 70 days after surgery, she came to heat and after insemination pregnancy was confirmed at 35 days post AI. The cow had successful pregnancy which was confirmed by rectal palpation at 35 days. Caesarean section through left flank oblique laparotomy is an effective method of resolving dystocia to save cow with fetus.

A 2.5 year old male horse was presented to Teaching Veterinary Hospital, VCRI, Namakkal, India with the history of lacrimation, impaired vision and progressive corneal opacity in left eye. Clinical examination revealed movement of a thread like worm in the anterior chamber of the eye. For removal of the worm, affected eye was prepared for surgery by deep sedation with xylazine hydrochloride. Then general anaesthesia was done with Ketamine hydrochloride and maintained by isoflurane. After induction, worm was removed by needling technique. Topical antibiotic and steroid were administered postoperatively to check secondary bacterial infection and corneal opacity. After surgery, the vision was restored and corneal opacity was reduced gradually. Morphologically, the worm was identified as Setaria spp. This is a common case in India due to vector prevalence.

In safari parks and zoos, wild animals are kept mainly for recreational purposes. Animals in these enclosures are also crucial for the education, research, and conservation aspect. To ensure better management and good health of wild animals in captivity, it is essential to monitor the occurrence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic (helminths and protozoa) infections. The current investigation was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of GI parasitic infections in wild mammals at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib (BSM) safari park and Chattogram (CTG) zoo of Bangladesh. A total of 72 individual faecal samples were collected from 25 species of wild mammals. Routine qualitative (e.g. direct smear, sedimentation, and flotation) and quantitative (e.g. McMaster technique) tests were performed to identify the eggs or oocysts of helminths and protozoa. Results demonstrated that wild mammals of both BSM safari park and CTG zoo were infected with a total of 17 genera/species of helminths and protozoa. The overall prevalence of GI parasitic infections in wild mammals of both zoological parks was 65.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 53.14-76.12), whereas it was 72.4% (95% CI: 52.76-87.27) in the BSM safari park and 60.5% (95% CI: 44.41-75.02) in the CTG zoo. In both zoological parks, infection with nematodes was more frequent compared to other helminth into the wild mammals. The herbivores were more infected with GI parasites than carnivores and omnivores of both BSM safari park and CTG zoo. The mean eggs/oocysts per gram of faeces was the highest in the carnivores compared to herbivores and omnivores of both enclosures. The findings of the current study demonstrated that wild mammals of both BSM safari park and CTG zoo suffered from various GI parasitic infections. Regular monitoring along with proper therapeutic measures may reduce the severe consequences of GI parasitic infections in captive wild animals.