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Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) are typically enzymecatalyzed events generating functional diversification of proteome; thus, multiple PTM enzymes have been validated as potential drug targets. We have previously introduced energy-transfer-based signal-modulation method called quenching resonance energy transfer (QRET), and utilize it to monitor PTM addition or removal using the developed peptide-break technology. Now we have reinvented the QRET technology, and as a model, we introduced the tunable fluorescent "signal-on" and "signal-off" detection scheme in the peptide-break PTM detection. Taking the advantage of timeresolved fluorescence-based single-label detection technology, we were able to select the signal direction upon PTM addition or removal by simply introducing different soluble Eu 3+ -signal-modulating molecule. This enables the selection of positive signal change upon measurable event, without any additional labeling steps, changes in assay condition or Eu 3+ -reporter. The concept functionality was demonstrated with four Eu 3+ -signal modulators in a high-throughput compatible kinase and phosphatase assays using signal-on and signal-off readout at 615 nm or time-resolved Forster resonance energy transfer at 665 nm. Our data suggest that the introduced signal modulation methodology provides a transitional fluorescence-based single-label detection concept not limited only to PTM detection.

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In this paper, we offer an overview of the various themes that emerged in the course of AFinLA 2021 50-year Anniversary Symposium Language, change and society. After a brief review of the dialogical nature of this hybrid event and the heightened sense of reflexivity this belongs, we divide the 19 contributions to this yearbook into four thematic groups: (1) accommodating reform in language and in education policy, (2) evolving practices in language learning and teaching, (3) technologically mediated teaching environments, and (4) the digitization of work and everyday life. Taken together, the different contributions give a good indication of how changes in society are reflected in applied language studies in Finland.