Hot and cold formulations are effective moisturizers; however, a distinct profile was obtained for each. When water content averages were compared, the effect of hot formulation in the superficial layers of the skin was greater and longer in time than those of the cold formulation. On the other hand, moisturizing formulations applied to the skin affected the dermis water content until depth of 1500 μm.
Durante los últimos 15 años se ha dado paso al entendimiento de muchos aspectos de la genómica funcional de Leishmania gracias a los avances en la metodología de transfección de ADN dentro de la célula de este protozoario, la eliminación y la complementación de genes por medio de recombinación homóloga y las estrategias para la selección de células transfectadas. Estos acercamientos tienen el potencial de brindar información sobre la expresión génica y la función de las proteínas en el contexto del parásito intacto. Dado que el genoma de Leishmania muestra una carencia acentuada de los factores conocidos de iniciación de la transcripción y que la expresión génica está regulada casi completamente a nivel postranscripcional (a través del empalme de los ARNm y los mecanismos que involucran el procesamiento diferencial de la región no traducida 3' del ARNm (3'UTR), la transfección génica representa una herramienta útil para la identificación y el análisis funcional de los genes de interés así como de los mecanismos que dirigen su regulación. El desarrollo de los sistemas de manipulación genética también ha abierto nuevos horizontes para la identificación de genes esenciales involucrados en la virulencia, la supervivencia intracelular y la resistencia a drogas de Leishmania, así como para la validación de proteínas específicas del parásito como nuevos blancos quimio e inmunoterapéuticos. En esta revisión presentamos los avances más recientes en el campo de la manipulación genética en Leishmania, los cuales permiten análisis estructurales, funcionales y de fenotipo, por medio de la eliminación y complementación génica a través de la transfección transitoria o permanente de genes en este parásito.Palabras clave: Leishmania, transfección de ADN, expresión génica, eliminación y complementación génica, genómica funcional.
Genetic manipulation and the study of the protozoan parasite LeishmaniaDuring the last 15 years, many aspects of the functional genomics of Leishmania have been revealed due to advances in DNA transfection, gene disruption and complementation through homologous recombination, and efficient strategies for the selection of transfected cells. These strategies have provided information about gene expression and protein function in the context of the intact parasite. The genome of Leishmania shows a marked deficiency of known transcription initiation factors, and gene expression is regulated almost entirely at the posttranscriptional level through trans-splicing of mRNAs and novel control mechanisms involving differential processing of 3' -untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) of mRNAs. Therefore, gene transfection represents a useful tool for the identification and functional analysis of genes of interest as well as the mechanisms that direct their regulation. The development of genetic manipulation systems has provided opportunities for the study of genes involved in virulence, intracellular survival and drug resistance of Leishmania, as well as for the functional validation of specific parasite proteins as new ch...
Introducción. Leishmania son parásitos intracelulares de macrófagos, confinados en compartimentos denominados vacuolas parasitóforas. La permeabilidad de este compartimento depende de su interacción con el tráfico vesicular y transportadores presentes en su membrana. Objetivo. En este trabajo se estudió la permeabilidad de la membrana de la vacuola parasitófora en la línea celular J774.A1 infectada con Leishmania amazonensis, in situ y en compartimentos aislados. Materiales y métodos. El aislamiento de vacuolas parasitóforas se hizo por gradiente de densidad. La permeabilidad de la membrana de estas se valoró por distribución de sondas fluorescentes y electrofisiología. Para establecer indirectamente el transporte de protones se usó naranja de acridina. La presencia de transportadores ABC sensibles a probenecid se estableció con amarillo lucifer y calceína. Por primera vez con la técnica de patch-clamp se registraron corrientes en la membrana de este compartimento aislado. Resultados. La vacuola parasitófora colorea de rojo con naranja de acridina indicando un pH ácido. Concentra amarillo lucifer a través de un transportador sensible a probenecid, pero excluye la sonda calceína. Vacuolas aisladas se marcan de rojo con naranja de acridina y concentran amarillo lucifer a través de un transportador sensible a probenecid. Estas vacuolas excluyeron calceína y presentaron en su membrana una corriente iónica que se activa a diferencias de potencial cercanas a 60 mV, con una conductancia de 46 ± 3 pS. Conclusiones. Se pueden aislar vacuolas parasitóforas con propiedades de permeabilidad que preservan mecanismos de transporte similares a los encontrados in situ. Se registra por primera vez la presencia de una corriente iónica poco selectiva en la membrana de este compartimiento.Palabras clave: Leishmania, membranas intracelulares, permeabilidad, proteínas de transporte de anión, transporte iónico, canales iónicos.
Role of the parasitophorous vacuole of murine macrophages infected with Leishmania amazonensis in molecule acquisitionIntroduction. Leishmania are intracellular parasites of macrophages, confined into compartments known as parasitophorous vacuoles. The permeability of this compartment depends on its interaction with the endocytic pathway and transport proteins present on its membrane. Objective. The membrane permeability of the parasitophorous vacuole was studied in J774.A1-macrophage like cells infected with Leishmania amazonensis, in situ and on isolated compartments. Materials and methods. The parasitophorous vacuoles were isolated by density gradients. Fluorescent probe distribution and electrophysiological recordings were used to determine parasitophorous vacuole membrane permeability. Proton transport was evaluated indirectly by acridine orange staining. Probenecid sensitive ABC transporters were detected using the fluorescent probes lucifer yellow and calcein. For the first time ion currents were recorded on the membrane of isolated parasitophorous vacuoles using the patch clamp technique.
The carbohydrate specificities of Dioclea grandiflora lectins DGL-I and DGL-II, and Galactia lindenii lectin II (GLL-II) were explored by use of remodeled glycoproteins as well as by the lectin hemagglutinating activity against erythrocytes from various species with different glycomic profiles. The three lectins exhibited differences in glycan binding specificity but also showed overlapping recognition of some glycotopes (i.e. Tα glycotope for the three lectins; IIβ glycotope for DGL-II and GLL-II lectins); in many cases the interaction with distinct glycotopes was influenced by the structural context, i.e., by the neighbouring sugar residues. Our data complement and expand the existing knowledge about the binding specificity of these three Diocleae lectins, and taken together with results of previous studies, allow us to suggest a functional map of the carbohydrate recognition which illustrate the impact of modification of basic glycotopes enhancing, permiting, or inhibiting their recognition by each lectin.
Citation: Noa L, Cortázar TM, Molano VC (2013) Foundations Tone Effect on the Moisture Level of the Stratum Corneum.
AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the effect of two foundations, of different tones, on the moisture level of the stratum corneum. These foundations are equal in composition, except for the percentage of pigments, being one lightcolored and the other one dark. We report significant differences between moisture levels after the application of the products of different tones, so we conclude that the amount of pigment affects the parameter under study.Citation: Noa L, Cortázar TM, Molano VC (2013) Foundations Tone Effect on the Moisture Level of the Stratum Corneum. J Clin Exp Dermatol Res 4: 170.
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