Recent developments in uncertainty quantification show that a full inversion of model parameters is not always necessary to forecast the range of uncertainty of a specific prediction in Earth Sciences. Instead, Bayesian evidential learning (BEL) uses a set of prior models to derive a direct relationship between data and prediction. This recent technique has been mostly demonstrated for synthetic cases. This paper demonstrates the ability of BEL to predict the posterior distribution of temperature in an alluvial aquifer during a cyclic heat tracer push-pull test. The data set corresponds to another push-pull experiment with different characteristics (amplitude, duration, number of cycles). This experiment constitutes the first demonstration of BEL on real data in a hydrogeological context. It should open the range of future applications of the framework for both scientists and practitioners.

In the context of aquifer thermal energy storage, we conducted a hydrogeophysical experiment emulating the functioning of a groundwater heat pump for heat storage into an aquifer. This experiment allowed the assessment of surface electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) ability to monitor the 3D development over time of the aquifer thermally affected zone. The resistivity images were converted into temperature. The images reliability was evaluated using synthetic tests and the temperature estimates were compared to direct temperature measurements. Results showed the capacity of surface ERT to characterize the thermal plume and to reveal the spatial variability of the aquifer hydraulic properties, not captured from borehole measurements. A simulation of the experiment was also performed using a groundwater flow and heat transport model calibrated with a larger setup. Comparisons of the simulation with measurements highlighted the presence of smaller heterogeneities that strongly influenced the groundwater flow and heat transport.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a literature review on human factors in aircraft maintenance and to analyze and synthesize the findings in the literature on human factors engineering in aircraft maintenance. Design/methodology/approach – The review adopts a threefold approach: searching and collecting the scientific literature; sorting them on the basis of relevance and applications; and review of the scientific evidences. Broad areas of aircraft maintenance regulations are identified and each area was explored to study the level of scientific growth and publications. Notable theories, models and concepts are being summarized. Findings – Application of human factor principles in aviation spread beyond the technical arena of man-machine interface. The discipline has created a great impact on aircraft design, operations and maintenance. Its applications have percolated into design of aircraft maintenance facilities, task cards and equipment. Human factor concepts are being used for maintenance resource management. The principles are applied to shape the safety behavior and culture in aviation maintenance workplace. Nevertheless, the review unfolds immense potential for future research. Research limitations/implications – Research outcomes of non-aviation studies are also reviewed and consolidated to extend the applications to the aviation industry. Practical implications – This review would be a consolidated source of information confining to the physical aspect of human factors engineering in aircraft maintenance. It is intended to serve as a quick reference guide to the researchers and maintenance practitioners. Social implications – It brought out the benefits of adopting the principles of human factor engineering in aircraft maintenance. Application of human factor philosophy ensures enhanced safety in air transport, personal safety and well-being of maintenance personnel. Originality/value – This is a unique review based on aircraft maintenance regulations that are baseline performance standards made mandatory by regulatory authorities. Therefore, the review has been considered to be made on aircraft maintenance regulatory requirements that surpass corporate or competitive strategies in aviation maintenance organization.