A B S T R A C TCrops and livestock play a synergistic role in global food production and farmer livelihoods. Increasingly, however, crops and livestock are produced in isolation, particularly in farms operating at the commercial scale. It has been suggested that re-integrating crop and livestock systems at the field and farm level could help reduce the pollution associated with modern agricultural production and increase yields. Despite this potential, there has been no systematic review to assess remaining knowledge gaps in both the social and ecological dimensions of integrated crop and livestock systems (ICLS), particularly within commercial agricultural systems. Based on a multi-disciplinary workshop of international experts and additional literature review, we assess the current knowledge and remaining uncertainties about large-scale, commercial ICLS and identify the source of remaining knowledge gaps to establish priorities for future research. We find that much is understood about nutrient flows, soil quality, crop performance, and animal weight gain in commercial ICLS, but there is little knowledge about its spatial extent, animal behavior or welfare in ICLS, or the tradeoffs between biodiversity, pest and disease control, greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation, and drought and heat tolerance in ICLS. There is some evidence regarding the economic outcomes in commercial ICLS and supply chain and policy barriers to adoption, but little understanding of broader social outcomes or cultural factors influencing adoption. Many of these knowledge gaps arise from a basic lack of data at both the field and system scales, which undermines both statistical analysis and modeling efforts. Future priorities for the international community of researchers investigating the tradeoffs and scalability of ICLS include: methods standardization to better facilitate international collaborations and comparisons, continued social organization for better data utilization and collaboration, meta-analyses to answer key questions from existing data, the establishment of long term experiments and surveys in key regions, a portal for citizen science, and more engagement with ICLS farmers.

O trabalho experimental foi realizado no campo, na Estação Experimental da Fundação Agrária de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FAPA), em Guarapuava (PR), Brasil, nos anos agrícolas de 1999 e 2000, com o objetivo de verificar a influência da adubação nitrogenada residual na cultura do milho, em Sistema Plantio Direto, cultivado em seqüência, em áreas que no inverno tinham presença e ausência de trevo branco e de animais em pastejo. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em parcelas subdivididas. No inverno, nas parcelas, foram aplicados quatro doses de nitrogênio (N-TI = 0, 100, 200 e 300 kg ha-1 de N) e, nas subparcelas, a combinação de presença e ausência de trevo branco e de pastejo (CT = com trevo; ST = sem trevo; CP = com pastejo e SP = sem pastejo). No verão, em cada subparcela proveniente do inverno, foram aplicadas cinco doses de N (N-TV = 0, 60, 120, 180 e 240 kg ha-1 de N), em cobertura, e cultivado o milho. A máxima eficiência técnica de rebrote da cultura de inverno, avaliada dezoito dias após a retirada dos animais, foi obtida com a aplicação de 231 kg ha-1 de N (N-TI). As áreas CP/N-TI apresentaram maiores produtividades do milho que as áreas SP; contudo, estes resultados não foram estatisticamente significativos. As áreas sem N-TI produziram mais milho em subparcelas SP. As parcelas que receberam 300 kg ha-1 de N N-TI não mostraram resposta do milho ao N-TV, comprovando o efeito residual do N-TI. Conclui-se que a interação entre pastejo e N-TI contribui para a nutrição nitrogenada da cultura do milho.

RESUMO -O trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de verificar a influência da adubação nitrogenada em uma pastagem de azevém (Lolium multiflorium L.) e aveia (Avena strigosa Scherb) em presença e ausência de trevo branco (Trifolium repens L.), conferida pelo acúmulo e produção de matéria seca, ganho médio diário, ganho de peso vivo e carga animal no sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária sob sistema de plantio direto. A cultura antecessora da pastagem foi a soja (Glycine Max L.). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e três repetições. Nas parcelas, foram testadas quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 100, 200 e 300 kg.ha -1 ) e nas subparcelas, a combinação de presença e ausência de trevo branco. A elevação das doses crescentes de N aumentaram de forma linear crescente o acúmulo e a produção de matéria seca da pastagem. A carga animal e o ganho de peso vivo por hectare de bovinos aumentaram com o incremento de nitrogênio. Os resultados demonstram o efeito da adubação nitrogenada no acúmulo diário, na produção de matéria seca, carga animal e no ganho de peso vivo.Palavras-chave: carga animal, ganho de peso vivo, ganho médio diário, produção de matéria seca Beef Cattle Production and Dry Matter Accumulation in the Crop-Pasture Rotation System in Presence and Absence of White Clover and Nitrogen ABSTRACT -The research was carried out to verify the influence of the nitrogen input in an Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorium L.)and oat (Avena strigosa Scherb) pasture, in presence and absence of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), checked by the dry matter accumulation, dry matter yield, average daily gain, liveweight gain and stocking rate a crop-pasture rotation system, on no tillage system. Soybean (Glycine Max L.) was cultivated before the grass. The experimental design was complete randomized blocks with split-plot model and three replications. In the plots, four nitrogen levels were tested (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg.ha -1 ) and in the split-plot model, the presence and absence of white clover. Increasing nitrogen levels increased in a cresecent linear way the dry matter accumulation and dry matter yield. The stocking rate and liveweight gain per hectare of bovine increased, as the nitrogen levels increased. The results showed the effect of nitrogen input on the daily accumulation rate, dry matter yield, stocking rate and liveweight gain.

Year-round PoultrY litter decomPosition and n, P, K and ca release summarY Poultry litter is an important nutrient source in agriculture, although little information is available regarding its decomposition rate and nutrient release. to evaluate these processes, poultry litter (Pl) was applied to the soil to supply 100, 200 and 300 kg ha -1 n contained in 4,953, 9,907 and 14,860 kg ha -1 Pl, respectively. the litter bag technique was used to monitor the process of decomposition and nutrient release from the litter. these bags were left on the soil surface and collected periodically (after 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, and 365 days). the dry matter (dm) loss was highest (35 %) after the first 30 days of field incubation. the highest nutrient release occurred in the first 60 days on the field, when 40, 34, 91, and 39 %, respectively, of n, P, K, and ca of the initial Pl dry matter (4,860 kg ha -1 ) was already released to the soil. in absolute terms, these percentages represent 40, 23, 134, and 69 kg ha -1 of n, P, K, and ca and these values doubled and tripled as the Pl fertilization rates increased to 9,907 and 14,860 kg ha -1 , respectively. after one year of field incubation, the residual contents in the litter were 27, 15, 18 and 30 % of the initial dm , and n, P and ca, respectively. the release rate of K was the fastest and 91 % of the K had been released from the Pl after 30 days of field incubation. index terms: litter bag, filed incubation, organic fertilizer, residual contents.

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SummaRySwine residue (SR) applied as nutrient source of crops such as corn, bean, soybean and wheat, besides representing an environmental-friendly way of disposing of organic waste resulting from swine production, may significantly increase grain yields, replacing mineral fertilizer. the objective was to evaluate the effect of SR rates on corn, common bean, soybean and wheat yields from 2002 to 2007, in comparison with mineral fertilizer. the experiment was carried out at the instituto agronômico do Paraná -iaPaR, Pato Branco, PR and consisted of increasing SR rates (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 m 3 ha -1 ) and one treatment with mineral fertilizer (nPK 4-30-10), using 250 kg ha -1 for bean and 300 kg ha -1 for corn, soybean and wheat. also, in the treatment with mineral fertilizer, 60, 120 and 90 kg ha -1 n was applied as topdressing to bean, corn and wheat, respectively. there were significant increases of grain yield in all evaluated years and crops with increasing SR rates, especially in the grass species under study. also, with increasing SR rates applied every six months, K, P, ca and mg were accumulated in the soil and the ph increased. the application of 60 m³ ha -1 SR increased yields and exceeded the yield obtained with the recommended mineral fertilizer, indicating this amount as adequate for these crops. index terms: fertilizer, micronutrient, foliar nitrogen, organic residues, foliar phosphorous.(1) Received for publication in April 1, 2011 and approved in January 10, 2012.

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