This study was conducted to determine the effect of egg weight on chick weight, egg weight loss and hatchability in partridges. Eggs (847) obtained from rock partridges (44-46 weeks ages) were classified according to their weights as <18 g, 18. 00-18.99 g, 19.00-19.99 g, 20.00-20.99 g, 21.00-21.99 g, 22.00-22.99 g and ≥23 g and incubated. A positive, powerful and important correlation (0.46 and 0.82 values) between egg weight and egg weight loss and chick weight in different groups was determined (P<0.001) in the study. The differences between hatchability and fertility in the egg groups were significant (P<0.05), but no differences were detected between hatchability of fertile eggs and embryonic mortalities. In conclusion, smaller and bigger eggs of partridges had low fertility while hatchability was disproportionately reduced in eggs that had lost less mass during incubation. g, 18,00-18,99 g, 19,00-19,99 g, 20,00-20,99 g, 21,00-21,99 g, 22,00-22,99

The effects of incubation temperature on the sex of Japanese quail chicks were investigated in this study. The study was conducted on Japanese quail. In all, 4500 eggs obtained from 2 generations were used. At the beginning of the study, a new flock was formed from available hatching eggs. Hatching eggs were gathered at 3 different ages (8 to 10 weeks, 16 to 18 weeks and 22 to 24 weeks of age) from the laying period in this flock. These eggs were exposed to 5 different incubation temperatures (36.7, 37.2, 37.7, 38.2, and 38.7°C). The hatching results were evaluated for each group. Chicks obtained from these temperature groups were reared separately to obtain quail for breeding. Eggs for incubation were gathered from these breeding quail when they were between 15 and 18 weeks of age. These eggs were placed in an incubator at a standard (37.7°C) temperature, separated by F(1)-generation temperature groups. The chicks in all groups were reared separately, and the sex of the chicks was determined at maturity. Statistical differences (P < 0.05) were found for the sex of the chicks in the third group (22 to 24 weeks) of the F(1) generation, compared with other groups. This result confirmed the hypothesis that different incubation temperatures for the first generation (at the embryo stage) might influence the sex of the next generation of chicks. Further studies are needed to investigate the effects of incubation temperature on chicks from different perspectives.

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The effect of 1 to 2-, 3 to 4-, 5 to 6-, 7 to 8-, 9 to 10-, 11 to 12-, and 13 to 14-d storage periods on quality characteristics and hatchability of partridge (Alectoris graeca) eggs was studied. There was no significant effect of storage period on egg weight, shell weight, shell ratio, and shell thickness as external quality characteristics of partridge eggs (P > 0.05). Storage periods affected internal quality characteristics of partridge eggs (P < 0.05). An increase in yolk ratio (P < 0.05) and decrease in albumen ratio, yolk index, albumen index, and Haugh unit (P < 0.001) occurred when storage periods were lengthened. However, storage period had no significant effect on hatchability (P > 0.05). This study shows that long storage periods do not have negative effects on hatchability of partridge eggs to the extent that occurs in other poultry species. Because of a lack of knowledge about this subject, these studies will be useful in terms of successful intensive partridge breeding.

Backround: Milk is produced at the cost of other metabolic processes in the body and high milk yield has been associated with lameness and claw lesions. Lameness has also been associated with a decrease in milk yield. In the past, claw disorders and lameness in dairy cattle have been an increasing problem of the modern dairy industry. Hoof trimming is performed to prevent hoof lesions and improve gait by correction and maintenance of the hoof symmetry and shape. Lameness caused by hoof disorders can be treated by correct hoof trimming. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that one-time claw trimming affect the milk production in dairy cattle with hoof disorders on commercial dairy farms.Materials, Methods & Results: Milk yield level was examined before and after claw trimming in dairy cattle. Eighteen Holstein dairy cows were examined on a commercial dairy farm. Calving number, calving time, lactation number, lactation stage, culling date and milk yield in liters were detected from farm recording system. All cows were visual signs of claw disorders or lameness. Their hooves had not been were trimmed for several years. Trimming technique included leveling the 2 claws, aiming for symmetric bulbs. The axial and abaxial walls were both intended to be parts of the bearing surface and the 2 claws were trimmed flat and balanced with each other. The caudal two-thirds of the axial sole of both claws were sloped toward the interdigital area. All of the cows checked for hoof diseases. The period of observation spanned 45 d, starting day of claw trimming. The observation period was the lactation when the claw trimming was performed. Milk yield was performed one day before and 10, 30, and 45 days after hoof trimming. Cows that were in the mid to late lactation period were selected for the study. The mean days in milk for the group was 221.8 (150-272 days) and the mean number of calvings was 2.8 times (range: 2-5 times) before trimming.Discussion: The shape of the lactation curve is influenced by herd factors such as management and nutrition and individual factors like genetics, parity, and disease. Discrepancies in the literature with regard to the effect of lameness and claw lesions on milk yield are partly the result of these complex influences. Daily milk production of cows in the current study averaged 21 L/d, so milk weight represented approximately 3% of a cow’s body weight per milking. In this study cows were 2 to 5th lactation. Most hoof diseases are accrued around the time of calving. Hoof diseases is becomed visible on the bearing surface of the sole after 2 to 3 months such as white-line disease, sole ulcer, and hemorrhages. We assessed milk yield as the one time claw trimming performed, so any possible healing effect of claw trimming could have led to an underestimation of any negative effects of bad claw health on milk production. Cows with painful claw lesions eat less, are more reluctant to move, and might consequently produce less milk than cows without claw lesions. The significant associations between most claw disorders and increased yield in this study do not prove direct relationships. At claw trimming, the average lactation stage in first parity was 148 DIM; 25% of the cows were before 74 DIM and 25% were later than 226 DIM. After the claw trimming between days 10-30 and 10-45 were determined differences in milk yield (P < 0.05;  P < 0.01). In conclusion, this study showed that one time hoof trimming during the lactation period changed the milk yield of the dairy cows with hoof diseases.

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