Background: Social exclusion usually contributes to an increased vulnerability to mental health problems and risky health behaviors. This study aims to identify the role of health behavior in the increased risk of depressive symptoms among adolescents during the coronavirus pandemic in Hungary. Methods: A total of 705 high school students participated in our study (M = 15.9 years; SD = 1.19). The self-administered questionnaire included items about sociodemographics, eating habits, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and substance use. Depressive symptoms were measured using the short version of the Child Depression Inventory. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were used to analyze our results. Results: Daily fruit and vegetable consumption was reported by 21.7% and 22.4% of respondents, respectively. The proportion of the respondents reporting daily sweets consumption stood at 13.2%, daily soft drinks consumption was 12.3%, and daily energy drink consumption tallied to 4.5%. More than one-third of the sample (35.5%) reported having breakfast every school day, which rose to 68.1% of the sample reporting breakfast on both weekend days. The rate of students engaged in daily physical activity was 6.5%, while 86.1% of them reported more than four hours screen time in a day. In addition, despite the mandatory confinement, a notable percentage of adolescents engaged in substance use. Consistent with previous studies, girls had a higher risk of depression. Low levels of physical activity and high levels of screen time – as well as alcohol and drug use – were associated with a high risk of depression. Conclusions: We believe our study provided useful information on adolescent health behaviors that can lead to adolescents’ depression, and that maintaining physical activity can prevent it even in these unusual circumstances.

The goal of this study was to analyze the role of physical activity, enjoyment of physical activity, and school performance in the dimensions of learning motivation (Cognitive Domain, Affective Domain, Moral Domain, Adult Pressure). A total of 249 high school students were involved in this study, ranging in age from 14 to 19 years old. A self-administered questionnaire was filled out by the participants, including questions about sociodemographic background and school performance. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to assess physical activity. Learning motivation was measured by the School Motivation Inventory. The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale was used to determine the enjoyment of physical activity. Path analyses were chosen as a statistical method to understand the associations between the variables. Our findings reveal that learning motivation was associated with school performance and enjoyment of physical activity. Physical activity did not show any direct relationship with learning motivation, but it was positively associated with school performance and enjoyment of physical activity, hence showing an indirect relationship with learning motivation. Another important finding was the role of physical activity enjoyment. It has a preventive role concerning pressure from adults since such enjoyment strengthens the intrinsic motivation of students. We believe our findings highlight the benefits of physical activity and enjoyment of physical activity in learning environments.

Several studies have reported a decreasing tendency of engagement in physical activity during adolescence. Since previous research suggests that enjoyment could be a key predictor of sport participation, the aim of this study was to validate the Source of Enjoyment in Youth Sport Questionnaire (SEYSQ) and to investigate the relationship between sport enjoyment and different psychological correlates such as future orientation, satisfaction with life and future life aspirations. First, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis which revealed six factors of sport enjoyment and the construct validity of the scale showed an acceptable fit. Second, we used confirmatory factor analyses to test the factor structure of the previous result on the Wiersma's (2001) theoretical model. The six-factor model contained factors resulting from the exploratory factor analysis. Subsequently, we tested for associations between these SEYSQ factors and the psychological correlates. Extrinsic aspirations were positively associated with the following forms of sport enjoyment: competitive excitement, affiliation with peers, energy expenditure, other-referenced competency and recognition; whereas intrinsic aspirations were associated with the first three psychological correlates and positive parental involvement. Additionally, being future-oriented was positively related to energy expenditure and positive parental involvement, as well as to self-referenced competency. Nearly all sources of sport enjoyment were important contributors to life satisfaction. The role of gender in relation to the sport enjoyment factors suggested that for girls, competition seemed less important, whereas parental support served as a resource. Findings provide useful information in developing strategies that strengthen adolescents' involvement in sport activities.

This study explores the level of physical activity and its associations with sociodemographics and body mass index (BMI) in the Southern Great Plain region of Hungary. A total of 1648 adults (Men = 572; Women = 1076) were involved in this study. Their mean age was 43.0 (SD = 15.3), and they were recruited at different face-to-face events from July 2018 to January 2019. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to assess physical activity, and the participants were asked different questions related to their sociodemographics (e.g., education, income) and physical attributes (e.g., height, weight). Additionally, a descriptive statistical, chi-square test was used the see the gender differences, and multinominal regression analysis was used to see the associations between gender, age, place of residence, education, income, BMI, and physical activity levels. Our analysis showed that 19.2% of the sample had a low-, 41.1% had a moderate-, and 39.7% had a high level of physical activity. Furthermore, a high and a moderate level of physical activity were associated with gender, age, residence, education, and BMI. We believe this present study helps understand the role of physical activity in health through the example of the Southern Great Plain region of Hungary, which can provide useful information for experts to increase participation in regular physical activity.

The goal of this study was to explore the factor structure of the First Aid Willingness Questionnaire and determine its correlations and associations between sociodemographic and sport-related variables. A total of 413 adolescents participated in this study (mean age = 14.2 years). They consisted of 221 boys and 193 girls. Besides sociodemographic and sport-related questions, the First Aid Willingness Questionnaire was used to understand the student’s first aid attitudes. The exploratory factor analysis revealed a four-factor model. The first factor was named first aid willingness for peers, which includes willingness to help friends and family members. The second factor contained factors to help strangers; thus, it was named first aid willingness for strangers. The analysis revealed a third factor that assessed the students’ knowledge of first aid. The last factor contained the students’ negative emotions. The correlation between the factors showed that knowledge had a positive association with all the other factors. Adolescents’ willingness to help their peers was highly associated with helping strangers, but negative emotions had a negative correlation with helping unknown people. Sport-related variables were investigated to determine the effects on first aid attitudes. Even though sport seemed to increase first aid willingness, future studies need to explore its associations. We believe that a deeper understanding of this topic could help prevent serious injuries or death in emergencies.

Háttér és célkitűzések:Jelen tanulmány célja a Sportolói Kiégés Kérdőív (ABQ, Raedeke és Smith, 2001) magyar változatának pszichometriai vizsgálata, a mérőeszköz reliabilitásának és validitásának ellenőrzése. Módszer: A kérdőív érvényességét és megbízhatóságát egy 1317 fős kényelmi mintán ellenőriztük. A fent említett kérdőív mellett felvételre került a Sportkörnyezet Kérdőív (SCQ-H; Deci, 2001; Kovács, Gyömbér, F. Földi és Lénárt, megjelenés alatt), a Sportmotiváció-2 Kérdőív (SMS-2; Smohai és mtsai, 2019) és a Majdnem Tökéletes Skála rövid változata (SAPS; Reinhardt, Tóth és Rice, 2019).Eredmények:A megerősítő faktoranalízis az eredeti faktorstruktúrát alátámasztó eredményeket mutatott, három elkülönülő faktort kaptunk (Kimerültség; Leértékelés; Teljesítmény csökkenése). A kérdőív skáláinak belső megbízhatósága megfelelőnek bizonyult (Cronbach α: 0,76–0,86). Az időbeli stabilitás vizsgálata során pozitív erős kapcsolatot találtunk a teszt-reteszt között [Kimerültség – r(121) = 0,92, p < 0,001; Leértékelés – r(123) = 0,90, p < 0,001; Teljesítmény csökkenése – r(123) = 0,60, p < 0,001]. A konvergens validitás vizsgálata során a korábbi kutatásokkal megegyező, gyenge-közepes korrelációkat kaptunk (r = –0,20–0,52) a sportolói kiégés három skálája és a sportmotiváció típusai, az észlelt edzői autonómiatámogatás mértéke és a perfekcionizmus formái között.Következtetések:A kérdőív magyarra fordított változata pszichometriailag megfelelő mérőeszköznek tekinthető, kiváltképp serdülők körében alkalmazva.Background and aims:The goal of this study is to investigate the psychometric characteristics of the Hungarian version of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ, Raedeke and Smith, 2001) and examinate the reliability and validity of this questionnaire.Methods:1317 athletes were involved in this study (mean age = 20,45; SD = 4,39; men = 649; women = 669). Beside the above mentioned questionnaire (ABQ-H), the Sport Climate Questionnaire (SCQ-H; Deci, 2001; Kovács, Gyömbér, F. Földi, & Lénárt, in press), the Sport Motivation Scale -2 (SMS-2; Smohai et al, 2019) and the Short Almost Perfect Scale (Reinhardt, Tóth and Rice, 2019) were applied for the validation.Results:The confi rmatory factor analysis showed consistency with the original structure. We found three, separated factors: reduced sense of accomplishment; emotional and physical exhaustion and devaluation. Internal consistency of the subscales (Cronbach-α: 0,76 – 0,86) proved to be adequate. Correlation coeffi cient for test-retest reliability was ranging from 0,60 to 0,92 (Exhaustion – r(121) = 0,92, p < 0.001; Devaluation – r(123) = 0,90, p < 0,001; Reduced sense of accomplishment - r(123) = 0,60, p < 0,001). Examination of convergent validity revealed small relationships (r = -0,20 – 0,52) – as it was found in the literature too – among the three scales of athletic burnout, the types of sportmotivation, the level of the perceived autonomy support from coach and the forms of perfectionism.Discussion:The Hungarian version of the ABQ seems to be a valid and reliable questionnaire to measure, among adolescent athletes particularly.

Summary This study examined the relationship between the Sport Commitment Model and the Self-Determination Theory. The participants were 214 adolescent athletes who completed the Hungarian version of the Sport Commitment Questionnaire-2 and the Hungarian version of the Sport Motivation Scale. Several commitment sources predicted SMS scores as well. Amotivation was predicted by the obligatory reason for commitment such as Personal Investment-Loss and Other Priorities. External Regulation was predicted by Social factors of commitment. Introjected Regulation was determined by Desire to Excel-Mastery and Personal Investment-Loss. Identified Regulation was explained by Desire to Excel-Mastery, Valuable Opportunities, and Personal Investment-Loss. Integrated Regulation was explained with Valuable Opportunities, Desire to Excel-Mastery, Personal Investment-Loss and Social Support-Informal. The Intrinsic Motivation subscale was significantly predicted by Desire to Excel-Mastery, Personal Investment-Loss, Sport Enjoyment and Social Support-Informal. As we see the types of commitment showed a clear association with SMS, however the commitment sources showed a complex relationship with self-determination, thus it is hard to separate them on the Self-determination continuum.

Social differences are evident in both developed and developing countries. During adolescence, there are limited differences in morbidity and mortality, but differences do appear in terms of health behaviours. This study aims to examine the relationship(s) between social differences and students’ health behaviours. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020 with a sample of high school students (N = 2741, aged 13–18 years) in Jordan. Besides descriptive statistics, bivariate logistic regression analysis was used to detect the odds risk for each social difference indicator. Females were engaged in more healthy dietary and hygienic behaviours and less engaged in smoking. Males were more physically active. Adolescents with a higher parental education level were more engaged in healthy behaviours; however, they drank carbonated soft drinks and ate fast food more often. Higher SES (socioeconomic status) self-evaluation was positively associated with eating breakfast and fruit and vegetables, being physically active, drinking carbonated soft drinks, eating fast food, and smoking. Our findings suggest that socioeconomic differences are important to understanding Jordanian adolescents’ health behaviours. While females tend to engage in more healthy behaviours, the role of parental education and perceived family affluence is not always beneficial in terms of adolescents’ dietary habits, hygienic behaviour, or smoking.