During the cell cycle, genomic stability requires accurate chromosome segregation. Errors in this process can cause aneuploidy and lead to tumorigenesis. To ensure faithful chromosome segregation, cells develop a mechanism called the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Cancer cells are addicted to the components of SAC machinery for a faithful entry of the cell into anaphase. Thus, targeting the molecular mechanisms required for the growth of aneuploid cells may be a more cancer cell specific therapeutic approach applicable to broader tumor histologies. Previously, using a siRNA based RNAi screen we identified MPS1 kinase, (also known as TTK) as an important kinase for GBM cell survival. MPS1 is an essential SAC enzyme aberrantly overexpressed in a wide range of tumors and necessary for tumor cell proliferation. We observed inhibition of GBM cell growth when MPS1 was downregulated by number of MPS1 specific siRNAs. This was further validated using a selective and orally bioavailable MPS1 inhibitor NMS-P715 in various in-vitro cell assays. The inhibition of cell death was induced partly by apoptosis; however, the major mechanism was mitotic catastrophe. Cells treated with NMS-P715 showed an increase in cells in G2-M phase of cell cycle compared to control cells followed by mitotic catastrophe. Moreover, inhibition of MPS1 resulted in radiosensitization of GBM cells. We observed decrease in DNA damage repair and significant retention of γH2AX foci after combination of radiation (RT) with NMS-P715 compared to individual treatments. Next, radiation in combination with NMS-P715 inhibited cell survival ability of GBM cells in a colony formation assay. Further, NMS-P715 could inhibit GBM tumor growth in an orthotopic brain tumor model. Finally, in order to determine MPS1 associated molecular pathways, we compared gene expression profile in MPS1 knockdown cells compared to the control by microarray analysis. Ingenuity pathway and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis were used to investigate the biological relevance of the MPS1 modulated genes. We identified genes important in cell assembly, cell organization, DNA repair and cell death pathways. Thus, inhibiting MPS1 kinase in combination with radiation could represent a promising new approach to GBM therapy. Citation Format: Anita T. Tandle, Ryan Hanson, Uday B. Maachani, Tamalee Meushaw, Shuping Zhao, Uma Shankavaram, Philip Tofilon, Natasha J. Caplen, Kevin Camphausen. Targeting the mitotic checkpoint with inhibition of MPS1 kinase enhances radiosensitivity of glioblastoma cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1584. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1584
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) continues to be the most frequently diagnosed and lethal primary brain tumor. Adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy remains the standard of care following surgical resection. In this study, using reverse phase protein arrays (RPPAs), we assessed the biological effects of radiation on signaling pathways to identify potential radiosensitizing molecular targets. We examined levels of 172 phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated proteins under conditions of Ionizing radiation (IR) in patient derived GBM stem cells and established U251, U87 GBM cell lines in vitro and in an in vivo orthotropic mouse model. We identified subsets of proteins with clearly concordant/discordant behavior between GBM cells in vitro and in vivo. In general, molecules involved in anti-apoptotic, cell-cycle, survival pathways, tumor metastasis and DNA repair were affected. Comparing in vivo and in vitro samples after IR, 9 proteins were commonly elevated; phospho(p)-STAT3, CDC2, CyclinB1, BAX, pEIF4BP1, pAKT, pRB, pMEK1, and FOXM1. Conversely, 4 other proteins were commonly decreased; pPRKCA, pPRKCD, pNDRG1 and pRPS6. Recent evidence of FOXM1 as a master regulator of metastasis and its important role in maintaining neural, progenitor, and GBM stem cells intrigued us to validate it as a radiosensitizing target. We show high expression of FOXM1 across different patient derived stem cells. When GBM stem cells (NSC11, GBAM1) were differentiated in serum, we observed a decrease in FOXM1 levels, attaining more differentiation markers. In both differentiated and un-differentiated GBM stem cells, treatment with IR resulted in an increase of FOXM1 expression. However, inhibition of FOXM1 was only seen to have an effect on un-differentiated GBM stem cells, and resulted in reduced cell viability, a significant reduction in clonogenicity, and anchorage-independent growth, along with enhanced radiosenstivity with IR. Importantly, the combination of IR with FOXM1 inhibition showed these same effects irrespective of serum-differentiation. These results clearly suggest, inhibition of FOXM1 leads to radiosensitization. Since GBM stem cells, which comprise a subpopulation of tumor cells, maybe responsible for therapeutic resistance, we show that FOXM1 inhibition stands as a potential cancer stem-cell specific chemo-radio therapeutic target for GBM. Citation Format: Uday Bhanu Maachani, Anita T. Tandle, Uma Shankavaram, Tamalee Meushaw, Philip J. Tofilon, Kevin A. Camphausen. Profiling signaling networks using reverse phase protein arrays: validating FOXM1 as a potential target to radiosensitize glioblastoma (GBM) stem cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 849. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-849
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