Objective: A national survey of early hearing detection services was undertaken to describe the demographics, protocols and performance of early hearing detection, referral, follow-up and data management practices in the private health care sector of South Africa.Methods: All private hospitals with obstetric units (n=166) in South Africa were surveyed telephonically. This data was incorporated with data collected from self-administered questionnaires subsequently distributed nationally to audiology private practices providing hearing screening at the respective hospitals reporting hearing screening services (n=87). Data was analyzed descriptively to yield national percentages and frequency distributions and possible statistical associations between variables were explored.Results: Newborn hearing screening was available in 53% of private health care obstetric units in South Africa of which only 14% provided universal screening. Most (81%) of the healthy baby screening programs used only otoacoustic emission screening. Auditory brainstem response screening was employed by 24% of neonatal intensive care unit screening programs with only 16% repeating auditory brainstem response screening during the follow-up screen. Consequently 84% of neonatal intensive care unit hearing screening programs will not identify auditory neuropathy. A referral rate of less than 5% for diagnostic assessments was reported by 80% of universal programs. Follow-up return rates were reported to exceed 70% by only 28% of programs. Using multiple methods of reminding parents did not significantly increase reported follow-up return rates. Data management was mainly paper based with only 10% of programs using an electronic database primarily to manage screening data. Conclusions:A shortage of programs and suboptimal and variable protocols for early hearing detection, follow-up and data management in existing programs mean the majority of babies with hearing loss in the South African private health care sector will not be identified early. Newborn hearing screening must be integrated with hospital-based birthing services, ideally with centralized data management and quality control.

Objectives: This study describes screen refusal and follow-up default characteristics together with caregiver reasons for screen refusal and follow-up default in twfigo South African universal newborn hearing screening programs. Methods:A retrospective record review of universal newborn hearing screening conducted at two hospitals (Hospital A n = 954 infants; Hospital B n = 2135) over a 31 to 33 month period. Otoacoustic emission screening was conducted with rescreen recommended within six weeks for a uni-or bilateral refer. Program efficacy was described according to coverage, referral and follow-up rates. A prospective telephonic interview with caregivers who declined the initial screen (n = 25) and who defaulted on follow-up (n =25) constituted the next study component. Caregivers were randomly selected from the screening programs for a survey related to reasons for newborn hearing screening refusal and follow-up default. Hospital B) differed significantly between hospitals and were below benchmarks. The most frequent reasons for screen refusal were related to costs (72%), caregiver knowledge of newborn hearing screening (64%) and health care professional knowledge and team collaboration (16%). Almost all caregivers (96%) indicated that if costs had been included in the birthing package or covered by medical insurance they would have agreed to newborn hearing screening. Reasons for follow-up default were most commonly related to caregiver knowledge of newborn hearing screening (32%) and costs (28%). One in four caregivers (24%) defaulted on follow-up because they forgot to bring their infant for a rescreen. Only half of caregivers (48%) who defaulted on follow-up reported being aware of initial screen results while 60% reported being aware of the recommended follow-up rescreen. Conclusion:Caregivers most commonly refused screening due to associated costs and mostly defaulted on follow-up due to an apparent lack of knowledge regarding initial screen outcome and recommendations made for follow-up. Including NHS as a mandated birthing service is essential if coverage is to be increased, while reducing follow-up defaults requires proactive reminders and improved communication with caregivers.

Introduction: This pilot study compared tele-intervention to conventional

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Objective: To identify and describe predictors of pediatric cochlear implantation outcomes in a South African population. Methods:A retrospective study of 301 pediatric CI recipients from five cochlear implant programs was conducted and cross-sectional outcome data were added at the time of data collection. Twenty potential prognostic factors were identified from the retrospective dataset, including biographical, cochlear implant (CI), family and risk factors. Multiple regression analyses was performed to identify predictor variables that influence outcomes in terms of auditory performance (CAP scores), speech production (SIR scores), communication mode and educational placement.Results: Although implanted children within this sample did not have equal opportunity to access a second implant, bilateral implantation was strongly predictive of better auditory performance and speech production scores, an oral mode of communication and mainstream education. NICU admittance/ prematurity were associated with poorer auditory performance and speech production scores, together with a higher probability for non-oral communication and non-mainstream education. The presence of one or more additional developmental 2 condition was predictive of poorer outcomes in terms of speech production and educational placement, while a delay between diagnosis and implantation of more than one year was also related to non-mainstream education. Ethnicities other than Caucasian were predictive of poorer auditory performance scores and a lower probability for mainstream education.Conclusion: An extensive range of prognostic indicators were identified for pediatric CI outcomes in South Africa. These predictive factors of better and poorer outcomes should guide pediatric CI services to promote optimal outcomes and assist professionals in providing evidence-based informational counselling.

The aim of this study was to describe health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes of school-going pediatric cochlear implant (CI) recipients in a South African cohort from the perspectives of parents and to relate parental ratings of HRQoL to a range of demographic variables. Parents of school-going CI recipients completed the Children with Cochlear Implants:Parental Perspectives (CCIPP) CI specific HRQoL questionnaire. The effect of different demographic variables on HRQoL outcomes was also determined. The study sample included 54 parents of school-going (mean age = 12.2 years; 3.6 SD; range = 6.6-18.3 years) CI recipients with at least six months CI experience.Children's communication and general functioning with a CI received the most positive parental ratings. A number of statistically significant associations between HRQoL outcomes and demographic variables have been confirmed. A mainstream educational setting was associated with better HRQoL outcomes in terms of communication and education, while pre-lingual onset of deafness was associated with better HRQoL outcomes in terms of general functioning and well-being. Shorter duration of deafness and unilateral implantation were associated with higher parental ratings for self-reliance and well-being respectively. Longer duration of CI use was linked to better ratings for general functioning, while shorter duration of CI use was linked to improved ratings for effects of implantation. viii Parents assigned positive ratings to their child's HRQoL. This exploration of children's HRQoL related to their CIs contributes to evidence-based pediatric CI services that support optimal psychosocial outcomes.

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A range of significant prognostic indicators were identified for HRQoL outcomes in adult CI recipients. These predictors of HRQoL outcomes can guide intervention services' informational counselling.