RESUMOObjetivou-se avaliar as características sensoriais, as perdas totais, o padrão fermentativo e a composição bromatológica de silagens contendo combinações de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum) com diferentes tempos de emurchecimento e casca de maracujá in natura (CM). Os tratamentos experimentais foram compostos por silagens confeccionadas com 100% de capim-elefante (CE); 100% de casca de maracujá; 75% CE/25% CM; 50%/CE 50% CM; 25% CE/75% CM, para cada tempo de emurchecimento do capim (zero; quatro; seis e oito horas), com três repetições. As silagens apresentaram coloração amarelada, odor levemente acre, exalando maracujá nos tratamentos contendo CM. Observou-se um aumento da perda total das silagens contendo casca de maracujá (0,09; 0,15; 1,01; 1,77 e 2,52kg de perdas para os tratamentos 100% CE; 75% CE/25% CM; 50% CE/50% CM; 25% CE/75% CM e 100% CM, respectivamente (Ferreira et al., 2010), sendo muito utilizado para a produção de silagem ou feno.Porém, o alto teor de umidade apresentado por essa forrageira no momento ideal do corte, além do baixo teor de carboidratos solúveis e da elevada capacidade tampão, pode comprometer a qualidade da silagem (Ferreira et al., 2009). Com o intuito de minimizar as limitações do capimelefante para ensilagem, algumas técnicas têm sido testadas, como o emurchecimento do capim http://dx
Based on low 18:0 contents observed in milk fat of cows fed cactus cladodes (CC), we hypothesized that including Opuntia stricta cladodes in a soybean oil (SO)‐supplemented diet would promote incomplete rumen biohydrogenation of supplemental PUFA, leading to increased trans‐11 18:1 and cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA contents in milk. Twelve Holstein cows were used in a two‐period study: (a) Baseline: all cows received a total mixed ration (TMR) composed of sorghum silage (SS) and a concentrate containing no SO for 14 days; (b) Treatment: cows received one of the following SO‐supplemented diets for 21 days: (1) SS‐TMR: a TMR composed of SS and a SO‐enriched concentrate, (2) CC‐TMR: a TMR containing CC as a partial substitute for SS plus the SO‐enriched concentrate, and (3) CC‐PMR: same diet as in treatment 2, but CC were mixed with the SO‐enriched concentrate and fed as a partial mixed ration (PMR). Both CC diets increased relative abundances of trans‐11 18:1, cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA, and 18:2 n‐6 in milk fat, whereas opposite effects were observed on 18:0 and cis‐9 18:1. Proportion of 18:2 n‐6 increased, and cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA tended to increase with CC‐PMR as compared to CC‐TMR, whereas 18:3 n‐3 was higher with CC‐PMR than with SS‐TMR. Proportions of several odd‐ and branched‐chain fatty acids, certain 18:1 isomers, and trans‐9, cis‐11 CLA changed with CC diets, notably with CC‐PMR. Milk yield and intake of most nutrients (except fibre) increased or tended to increase with the CC diets, whereas gross milk composition was unaltered. Stearoyl‐CoA desaturase‐1 index for C18 (SCD18) was higher with CC‐PMR than with SS‐TMR, and milk n‐6:n‐3 FA ratio and apparent transfer of 18:2 n‐6 to milk increased with CC diets. These results indicate that Opuntia stricta cladodes can be a valuable feed ingredient for improving the nutraceutical value of milk fat.
Crude glycerin is a byproduct of the biodiesel industry and has been widely used in ruminant diets as a source of energy, usually in place of corn, primarily during periods of drought in tropical regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of including levels of the crude glycerin of low purity (0, 6, 12 and 18%) replacing corn in the diets of goats on the carcass characteristics, tissue composition, meat cuts yield and physicochemical parameters of meat. Forty males castrated without defi ned racial pattern goats an initial average weight of 19.70 ± 2.30 kg were slaughtered after 86 days. Diets content 0 and 6% crude glycerin promoted similar responses to the analyzed variables, except for pH and breast weight. No differences were observed to total digestible nutrients, slaughter body weight, commercial cut yield leg tissue composition and physicochemical parameters of meat. Crude glycerin can be included up to 12% without losses on carcass weight and meat cuts, leg composition, and meat quality. The inclusion of crude glycerin containing 63.06% glycerol and 45.57% lipids could be effective in partial replacement of corn in diets for confi ned goats in tropical areas.
A utilização de pastagens na alimentação de rebanhos pode constituir em uma forma de economia para o produtor. Contudo, em áreas semiáridas a utilização desse recurso pode ser limitada, principalmente em regiões onde a utilização de irrigação é inviável. Nessas regiões cuidados especiais devem ser dados ao solo, já que em momentos de estiagem a redução da cobertura do solo pode elevar a taxa de erosão. A produção de produtos de origem animal para as populações alocadas em regiões semiáridas é abalada de forma mais marcante pelos períodos de estiagem mais extensos, não só quanto a disponibilidade de alimento, bem como a redução da qualidade nutricional da pastagem. Dessa forma, em momentos de carecimento de chuva em áreas semiáridas, alterações no manejo das pastagens e dos animais podem ser realizadas para promover melhores desempenhos produtivos dos rebanhos. Para obtenção de maior produção vegetal, a irrigação se faz necessária, principalmente quando se pensa em intensificação da produção animal a pasto. Embora, em algumas regiões do mundo, este recurso seja inviável. Sendo assim, é necessária exploração dos recursos disponíveis, como conservação de forragens, utilização de palma forrageira e utilização de coprodutos agroindustriais, que permitam viabilizar a atividade pecuária.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of low-purity crude glycerin (CG, 63.1% of glycerol) in the diets of feedlot-finished goats on the weights and yields of the non-carcass components, with are frequently used in regionals dishes (buchada and panelada). Forty castrated male goats with the initial mean body weight of 19.70 ± 2.30 kg were used. Experimental treatments consisted of inclusion of CG at levels of 0, 6, 12, and 18%, based on dry matter. The weights of the lungs, spleen, total organs (TWO), and TWO yield, as a function of the slaughter body weight, decreased linearly. It was shown that the rumen portion of the weight showed a quadratic effect, at the level of 10.71% of CG, with a minimum point of 0.37 kg. Similar behavior was observed for the reticulum, with a minimum point of 0.08 kg, at the level of 7.5% of CG. The weights and yields of the buchada and panelada were negatively influenced by the experimental diets. Low-purity crude glycerin may partially replace corn and be included in up to 6% of the dry matter of the finished goats' feedlot diet without adversely affecting weights and yields of organs, viscera, and regional dishes, such as buchada and panelada.
The use of cactus cladodes in animal feed is well-established in semi-arid areas. The cactus Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm-Dyck cladodes (Nopalea) have high acceptability amongst dairy cows and are resistant to carmine cochineal insects (Dactylopius opuntiae Cockerell), a problem in semi-arid regions, but in regions of prolonged drought, it has lower productivity compared with the cactus Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw cladodes (Opuntia), which is also resistant to the insect. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the intake and content of digestible material of dry matter (DM) and its components, feeding behaviour, microbial protein synthesis, nitrogen balance, blood parameters, performance and milk composition of Holstein cows fed a control diet, containing either Nopalea or Opuntia associated with different concentrate levels (225, 275, 325 and 375 g/kg). Ten cows with an initial average milk production of 20 ± 2.1 kg/day were distributed into a double 5 × 5 Latin square design. Diets containing 775 g roughage/kg and 225 g concentrate/kg promoted similar responses to the analysed variables regardless of the cactus cladode used, except for digestibility of neutral detergent fibre. Diets containing higher proportions of concentrate (325 and 375 g/kg) promoted greater DM intake and 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield. The diet containing Opuntia at 775:225 g/kg roughage:concentrate proportion is as effective as the control diet for Holstein cows producing 20 kg of milk/day. To promote greater milk production, higher proportions of concentrate should be added to diets using Opuntia.
A produção de silagem em áreas semiáridas é uma técnica de fundamental importância para manutenção de rebanhos em períodos de escassez de forragem no Brasil e no mundo. Contudo, a realidade brasileira difere das circunstâncias de manutenção de forragens em diferentes países. A reduzida capacidade de utilização de irrigação no Brasil torna a produção de silagem limitada, além de menor qualidade de forrageiras. Diante disso, o trabalho objetivou fazer o levantamento de dados literários quanto a produção de silagem no Brasil e no mundo, quantos aos aspectos agronômicos e valor nutricional de silagem confeccionadas em diferentes regiões semiáridas. Embora haja disponibilidade de espécies vegetais que resistem às condições climáticas adversas das zonas semiáridas, a produtividade não é acentuadamente reduzida no período seco, resultando em baixa oferta de alimento para ruminantes. A conservação de forragens é de fundamental importância para regiões semiáridas. As técnicas de conservação permitem que o valor nutricional do alimento seja mantido, além de conservar a água, nutriente de essencial importância em áreas secas.
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