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Therefore, our data demonstrate that ouabain negatively modulates allergic airway inflammation induced by OVA.

Herissantia tiubae (HtE) is a Brazilian plant used in folk medicine to treat inflammatory diseases. Our aim was to determine whether the HtE has anti‐inflammatory and anxiolytic effects in a murine model of asthma. Ovalbumin (OVA)‐sensitized BALB/c mice were treated with HtE (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg) or dexamethasone before each OVA challenge. After the last challenge, animals were subjected to anxiety tests and respiratory measurements. Following euthanasia, we quantified immune cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), serum IgE titer and cytokine levels, cellular infiltration and mucus content in the lung tissues, and cellular composition of the mediastinal lymph nodes. OVA challenge in sensitized animals caused: (1) reduction of mean respiratory and dominant respiratory rate (from 398 ± 12 to 286 ± 20 cicles per minute (cpm) and from 320 ± 14 to 162 ± 15 cpm, respectively); (2) increase in behavioral markers of anxiety tests; (3) substantial pro‐inflammatory effects, including rise in OVA‐specific IgE titer (from 0 to 1:2048) and these inflammatory effect diminished the titer to 1:512 after HtE treatment; rise in plasma IL‐13 (from 13 ng/mL in saline to 227 ng/mL in OVA and HtE treatment restored to 1.29 ng/mL; rise in total BAL cell count (from 0.742 cells/mL in saline to 11.77 cells/mL in OVA), with prominent eosinophilia. H. tiubae extract affected respiratory parameters similarly to aminophylline, behavioral changes comparable to diazepam, and inflammation being as efficient as dexamethasone. H. tiubae extract (HtE) possesses both anti‐inflammatory and anxiolytic properties in the murine model of asthma.

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Introduction: Sida santaremnensis H. Monteiro (Malvaceae) is a plant popularly known as "vassourinha" or "guanxuma" that has been described as vasorelaxant, antiulcerogenic, antinociceptive and antiedematogenic. Objective: To contribute with the phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Sida santaremnensis through the isolation, purification and determination of chemical constituents of this plant, as well as through the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity and leishmanicidal effect of the isolated constituent in a greater amount. Methods: The isolation of substances from the plant herein studied was performed with column chromatographic and analytical thin-layer methods and structural determination made by spectroscopic methods, such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Hydrogen and Carbon 13, and comparisons with data from the literature. To assess pharmacological activities, cell viability tests, determination of nitric oxide levels, leishmanicidal activity, among others, were performed. Results: Two flavonoids from S. santaremnensis were obtained, kaempferol (S-1) and kaepferol 3-O-β-D-glycosyl-6’’-α-L-rhamnoside (S-2), the latter in a greater amount. The evaluation of the antitumor activity of the glycosylated flavonoid demonstrated that it does not present hemolytic activity against the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL-60), and that it presented weak leishmanicidal activity. The immunopharmacological evaluation of kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucosyl-6’’-α-L-rhamnoside revealed that it presents a possible anti-inflammatory action related to the inhibition of the production of nitrite by LPS-stimulated macrophages. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucosyl-6’’-α-L-rhamnoside has low toxicity, in addition to antileishmania, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, which makes it a therapeutic potential for infectious and inflammatory diseases mediated by macrophages.