Customer satisfaction is imperative for the incessant survival of any organization around the world. This research work intends to investigate the impact of E-banking variables on customer satisfaction in Pakistan. Five service quality dimensions; reliability, responsiveness, assurance, tangibles and empathy, derived from the SERVQUAL model with support of literature review have been selected as forecasters of customer satisfaction in E-banking. Research design of the study is quantitative. Data has been gathered through already tested questionnaire from 264 E-banking users as respondents, from different cities of Pakistan. Results of the study have revealed that there is momentous relationship between service quality dimensions and customer satisfaction in E-banking in Pakistan, with more weightage of reliability, responsiveness and assurance among the five dimensions. Through this study we can conclude that service quality in E-banking leads to satisfied customers and thus banks can gain competitive advantage by offering better-quality services to their customers in today's emulous world.
As time continues to advance, the need for robust security threat mitigation has become increasingly vital in software. It is a constant struggle to maximize test coverage through optimal data generation. We conducted explanatory research to maximize test coverage of security requirements as modeled in the structured misuse case description (SMCD). The acceptance test case is designed through the structured misuse case description for mitigation of security threats. Mal activity is designed from SMCD upon which constraints are specified in object constraint language (OCL) in order to minimize human dependency and improve consistency in the optimal test case design. The study compared two state-of-the-art test coverage maximization approaches through optimal test data generation. It was evident through the results that MC/DC generated optimal test data, i.e., n + 1 test conditions in comparison to the decision coverage approach, i.e., 2n test conditions for security threats. Thus, MC/DC resulted in a significantly lower number of test cases yet maximized test coverage of security threats. We, therefore, conclude that MC/DC maximizes test coverage through optimal test data in comparison to decision coverage at the design level for security threat mitigation.
As time continues to advance, the need for robust security threat mitigation has become increasingly vital in software. However, ensuring early effective security threat mitigation requires optimal test data and consistent test case design. It is a constant struggle to maximize test coverage through test data optimization. We conducted explanatory research to maximize test coverage of security requirements as modeled in Structured Misuse Case Description (SMCD) i.e., structured specification of misuse case, so as to improve consistency in optimal test data generation. We specified constraints upon Mal activity in Object Constraint Language (OCL) in order to minimize human dependency and improve consistency in optimal test data generation. It was evident through results that MC/DC generated optimal test data of security threats through SMCD in comparison to the Decision Coverage method thus resulting in designing a significantly lower number of test cases and yet maximizing test coverage of security threats. MC/DC generated test data with n+1, while Decision Coverage generated test data with〖 2〗^n, we, therefore, conclude that MC/DC maximizes test coverage through optimal test data from SMCD in comparison to Decision Coverage.
The current study intended to examine the consumer intention while purchasing locally assembled and imported cars. Hence, the study proposed a model which is underpinned with social identity theory. The research model employed consumer ethnocentrism, self-congruity product characteristic, perceived relative price, brand personality and service quality. The current study identify research gap and found to the best knowledge of researchers that past study is lacking the determinants which motivate consumer intention, separately, to select local or imported cars. Moreover, aforementioned studies reported inconsistent results about consumer inclination towards automobile selection. The sample size of the study was 396. The proposed model was analyzed using structural equation model. The finding of the study revealed that consumer intention to purchase locally assembled and imported cars are shaped by both factors like rational and emotional. In addition to the results unveiled the fact that consumer purchase intention towards locally assembled cars highly influenced by ethnocentrism, brand personality as well as product characteristics. In continuation with the brand personality has highest explanatory power for making consumer intention towards imported cars. In contrary to that while purchasing imported cars the consumer influenced by self-congruity and brand personality. In addition to perceived relative price and service quality having insignificant effect on both cars. The present study confirmed that in collectivism society the purchase of automobile shaped by emotions and social influences. Although the study contributed in literature with theoretical and practical implication nevertheless suggested some future research direction.
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