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Background Aging influences COVID-19 severity and response to vaccination, but previous vaccine effectiveness (VE) analyzes lack the power to evaluate its role in subgroups within the elderly age group. Here we analyzed the impact of age on viral vector and inactivated virus vaccines' effectiveness, the main platforms used in low- and middle-income countries. Methods We report a retrospective longitudinal study of 75,919,840 Brazilian vaccinees from January 18 to July 24, 2021, evaluating documented infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), COVID-19-related hospitalisation, ICU admission, and death. Negative binomial regression models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics were used for VE estimation. Findings The overall analyzes of full vaccination showed VE against hospitalisation, ICU admission, and death of 91·4% (95%CI:90·1–92·5), 91·1% (95%CI:88·9–92·9) and 92·3% (95%CI:90·5–93·7) for Vaxzevria and 71·2% (95%CI:70·0–72·4), 72·2% (95%CI:70·2–74·0) and 73·7% (95%CI:72·1–75·2) for CoronaVac, respectively. VE for all outcomes is progressively lower with age. In fully-Vaxzevria-vaccinated individuals aged <60 years, VE against death was 96.5% (95%CI:82.1–99.3) versus 68·5% (95%CI:40·0–83·4) in those ≥90 years. Among fully-CoronaVac-vaccinated individuals, VE against death was 84.8% (95%CI:77.1–89.9) in those <60 years compared to 63.5 (95%CI 58.7–67.7) for vaccinees aged 80–89 years and 48·6%; (95%CI:35·0–59·3) for individuals aged ≥90 years. Post-vaccination daily cumulative incidence curves for all outcomes showed increased risk from younger to elder decades of life. There was no increase in the incidence of hospitalisation for individuals <60 years vaccinated during the same period as those aged ≥90 years. Interpretation Although both vaccines have been effective in protecting against infection, hospitalization and death; Vaxzevria and CoronaVac demonstrated high effectiveness against severe outcomes for individuals up to 79 years of age. Our results reinforce the idea that booster doses should be carefully considered in elders. Funding This study was partially supported by a donation from the "Fazer o bem faz bem" program.

Background High rates of virus transmission and the presence of variants of concern can affect vaccine effectiveness (VE). Both conditions occur in low-income countries, which primarily use viral vector or inactivated virus vaccine technologies. However, few VE analyses have been conducted in such countries, and most lack the power to evaluate effectiveness in subgroups, such as the elderly. Methods The present retrospective cohort study evaluated the effectiveness of Vaxzevria and CoronaVac vaccines for COVID-19-related infection in 60,577,870 Brazilian vaccinees from January 18 to June 30, 2021. Study outcomes included documented infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Covid-19-related hospitalization, ICU admission and death. We estimated VE for each outcome as one minus the hazard ratio using Cox regression adjusted for age, sex, Brazilian deprivation index, and month/region of dose administration. Results Vaccination with Vaxzevria or CoronaVac was found to be effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection and highly effective against hospitalization, ICU admission and death in individuals up to 79 years. From 80-89 years of age, 91.2 (95CI: 89.1-92.9) VE against death was seen in Vaxzevria-vaccinated individuals versus 67.3 (95CI: 63.6-70.6) for Coronvac. Above 90 years, 70.5 (95CI: 51.4-82.1) protection was conferred to Vaxzevria-vaccinated individuals versus 35.4 (95CI: 23.8-45.1) in Coronavac-vaccinated individuals Conclusions Both vaccines demonstrated overall effectiveness against severe COVID-19 up to 80 years of age. Our results suggest that individuals aged 90 years or older may benefit from an expedited third booster dose. Ongoing evaluations, including any additional vaccines authorized, are crucial to monitoring long-term vaccine effectiveness.

Amidst the current health crisis and social distancing, telemedicine has become an important part of mainstream of healthcare, and building and deploying computational tools to support screening more efficiently is an increasing medical priority. The early identification of cervical cancer precursor lesions by Pap smear test can identify candidates for subsequent treatment. However, one of the main challenges is the accuracy of the conventional method, often subject to high rates of false negative. While machine learning has been highlighted to reduce the limitations of the test, the absence of high-quality curated datasets has prevented strategies development to improve cervical cancer screening. The Center for Recognition and Inspection of Cells (CRIC) platform enables the creation of CRIC Cervix collection, currently with 400 images (1,376 × 1,020 pixels) curated from conventional Pap smears, with manual classification of 11,534 cells. This collection has the potential to advance current efforts in training and testing machine learning algorithms for the automation of tasks as part of the cytopathological analysis in the routine work of laboratories.

Background. COVID-19 vaccines have proven highly effective among SARS-CoV-2 naive individuals, but their effectiveness in preventing symptomatic infection and severe outcomes among individuals with prior infection is less clear. Methods. Utilizing national COVID-19 notification, hospitalization, and vaccination datasets from Brazil, we performed a case-control study using a test-negative design to assess the effectiveness of four vaccines (CoronaVac, ChAdOx1, Ad26.COV2.S and BNT162b2) among individuals with laboratory-confirmed prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. We matched RT-PCR positive, symptomatic COVID-19 cases with RT-PCR-negative controls presenting with symptomatic illnesses, restricting both groups to tests performed at least 90 days after an initial infection. We used multivariable conditional logistic regression to compare the odds of test positivity, and the odds of hospitalization or death due to COVID-19, according to vaccination status and time since first or second dose of vaccines. Findings. Among individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic infection ≥ 14 days from vaccine series completion was 39.4% (95% CI 36.1-42.6) for CoronaVac, 56.0% (95% CI 51.4-60.2) for ChAdOx1, 44.0% (95% CI 31.5-54.2) for Ad26.COV2.S, and 64.8% (95% CI 54.9-72.4) for BNT162b2. For the two-dose vaccine series (CoronaVac, ChAdOx1, and BNT162b2), effectiveness against symptomatic infection was significantly greater after the second dose compared with the first dose. Effectiveness against hospitalization or death ≥ 14 days from vaccine series completion was 81.3% (95% CI 75.3-85.8) for CoronaVac, 89.9% (95% CI 83.5-93.8) for ChAdOx1, 57.7% (95% CI -2.6-82.5) for Ad26.COV2.S, and 89.7% (95% CI 54.3-97.7) for BNT162b2.

Background More doses of CoronaVac have been administered worldwide than any other COVID-19 vaccine. However, the effectiveness of COVID-19 inactivated vaccines in pregnant women is still unknown. We estimated the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of CoronaVac against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 in pregnant women in Brazil. Methods We conducted a test-negative design study in all pregnant women aged 18–49 years with COVID-19-related symptoms in Brazil from March 15, 2021, to October 03, 2021, linking records of negative and positive SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests to national vaccination records. We also linked records of test-positive cases with notifications of severe, hospitalised or fatal COVID-19. Using logistic regression, we estimated the adjusted odds ratio and VE against symptomatic COVID-19 and against severe COVID-19 by comparing vaccine status in test-negative subjects to test-positive symptomatic cases and severe cases. Results Of the 19,838 tested pregnant women, 7424 (37.4%) tested positive for COVID-19 and 588 (7.9%) had severe disease. Only 83% of pregnant women who received the first dose of CoronaVac completed the vaccination scheme. A single dose of the CoronaVac vaccine was not effective at preventing symptomatic COVID-19. The effectiveness of two doses of CoronaVac was 41% (95% CI 27.1–52.2) against symptomatic COVID-19 and 85% (95% CI 59.5–94.8) against severe COVID-19. Conclusions A complete regimen of CoronaVac in pregnant women was effective in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 and highly effective against severe illness in a setting that combined high disease burden and marked COVID-19-related maternal deaths.

RESUMOO processo de educação para tomada de decisão médica tem passado por mudanças nos últimos anos.Anteriormente suportada por material impresso, a resolução de problemas da prática clínica passou a contar recentemente com a ajuda de ferramentas digitais conhecidas como plataformas de sumários. Médicos e estudantes de Medicina têm utilizado tais ferramentas quando têm dúvidas encontradas nos cenários de prática. Essas plataformas apresentam como vantagem a presença de conteúdo de alta qualidade, baseado em evidências e sempre atualizado. Sua popularização deu-se sobretudo com a ascensão do uso da internet e, mais recentemente, de dispositivos móveis como tablets e smartphones, facilitando seu uso na prática clínica. Apesar de amplamente disponíveis, a maioria das plataformas atuais apresenta diversas barreiras de acesso, como custo, idioma estrangeiro e não ser adaptada à epidemiologia brasileira. Uma plataforma gratuita e totalmente nacional de sumários médicos baseados em evidências foi proposta, por meio do conceito da construção colaborativa, para contornar essas barreiras. Além disso, foram implementados conceitos de gamificação. Também há a possibilidade de avaliação pelos próprios usuários, que atribuem notas a cada conteúdo desenvolvido. A plataforma foi construída mediante ferramentas tecnológicas modernas e disponibilizada para web e aplicativo para dispositivos móveis. Após o desenvolvimento, um processo de avaliação foi conduzido pelos pesquisadores para atestar a validade do conteúdo, a usabilidade e a satisfação dos usuários. Foram aplicados questionários e ferramentas de avaliação consolidados na literatura. O processo de desenvolvimento da plataforma digital fomentou a interdisciplinaridade, por intermédio do envolvimento de profissionais da área médica e de tecnologia da informação. O trabalho também permitiu a reflexão sobre os processos educacionais inovadores, nos quais o aprendizado fundamentado em problemas da vida real e a construção de conhecimento de forma colaborativa estão integrados. Os resultados da avaliação apontam que a plataforma criada pode se tornar uma alternativa factível para tomada de decisão médica baseada em evidências. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EDUCAÇÃO MÉDICA 43 (1 Supl. 1) : 513 -524 ; 2019 514 Álisson Oliveira dos Santos et al. ABSTRACTThe medical education for clinical decision-making has undergone changes in recent years. Previously supported by printed material, problem solving in clinical practice has recently been aided by digital tools known as summaries platforms. Doctors and medical students have been using such tools from questions found in practice scenarios. These platforms have the advantage of high-quality, evidence-based and always up-to-date content. Its popularization was mainly due to the rise of the internet use and, more recently, of mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones, facilitating their use in clinical practice. Despite this platform is widely available, the most of them actually present several access barriers as costs, foreign language a...

The medical education for clinical decision-making has undergone changes in recent years. Previously supported by printed material, problem solving in clinical practice has recently been aided by digital tools known as summaries platforms. Doctors and medical students have been using such tools from questions found in practice scenarios. These platforms have the advantage of high-quality, evidence-based and always up-to-date content. Its popularization was mainly due to the rise of the internet use and, more recently, of mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones, facilitating their use in clinical practice. Despite this platform is widely available, the most of them actually present several access barriers as costs, foreign language and not be able to Brazilian epidemiology. A free national platform of evidence-based medical summaries was proposed, using the crowdsourcing concept to resolve those barriers. Furthermore, concepts of gamification and content evaluation were implemented. Also, there is the possibility of evaluation by the users, who assigns note for each content created. The platform was built with modern technological tools and made available for web and mobile application. After development, an evaluation process was conducted by researchers to attest to the valid of content, usability, and user satisfying. Consolidated questionnaires and evaluation tools by the literature were applied. The process of developing the digital platform fostered interdisciplinarity, from the involvement of medical and information technology professionals. The work also allowed the reflection on the innovative educational processes, in which the learning from real life problems and the construction of knowledge in a collaborative way are integrated. The assessment results suggest that platform can be real alternative form the evidence-based medical decision-making.