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taking in consideration the above mentioned results. In addition, that measurement of MMSE score closely linked to serum BDNF assay (a strong positive significant correlation). The findings could shed the light on the potential benefit of BDNF as a marker of mild cognitive impairment. Finally, the observed neuroprotective effect of metformin on cognitive impairment in T2DM might be due to its positive effect on serum BDNF level. Making it a favorable anti-diabetic drug to be used in AD-like dementia.The most common anterior segment abnormalities in the current study were: corneal opacity, deep anterior chamber, variable iris pattern an aphakia. The sclera and conjunctiva did not show significant abnormalities in the current study.• The most common posterior segment abnormalities in the present study were optic atrophy and an atrophic background retina.a cross sectional -observational study carried on 200 patient with type 2 DM (T2DM) (100 T2DM metformin treated patients and 100 T2DM insulin treated patients). After full informed consent was taken from the patients and approval of the ethical committee of faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University was fulfilled. The prevalence of MCI was estimated using Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) Test Score. Normal cognitive functions; MMSE test score was equal or above 26, but below 26 considered MCI.

The prevalence of physical disability in chronic illness was high (93.33%). Most patients (61.67%) were mildly disabled, while none had extreme disability. Respiratory diseases were associated with higher grades of disability having the highest percentage of patients who were moderately and severely disabled (55% and 10%, respectively). Also, increased pain severity and depression were found to be related to higher grades of disability.All patients were subjected to assessment of their chronic illness (history taking and general examination), pain assessment using numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), assessment of depression using patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) and assessment of impairments of body function(s) and structure(s) and environmental factors using the ICF checklist. Physical disability was assessed using WHODAS 2.0. Statistical analysis: Qualitative data were described using number and percent. Quantitative data were described using median with range and mean with standard deviation. Significance of the obtained results was judged at the 5% level. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the relationship between two variables.