We demonstrated that alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists enhanced the local anesthetic action of lidocaine, and suggest that dexmedetomidine acts via alpha-2A adrenoceptors.

The results of this study show that intravenous sedation is a useful method for dental patients with ID as well as for other dental patients, but indicate that dental patients with ID need higher doses of sedative to obtain an adequate level of sedation.

Propofol sedation using BIS-guided TCI is a useful and safe method in the management of patients with intellectual disability.

The findings suggest that locally injected dexmedetomidine exhibits an anti-inflammatory effect against local acute inflammatory responses, mediated by α2-adrenoceptors.

The ICF was raised as a possibility for considering the application of IVS/GA for dental treatment on patients with ID. For clinical use of the ICF, it is recommended that significant codes should be selected and that the five-rank scale is used so that more objective results are obtained from interviews.