We have developed a direct fabrication method of oxide TFT on a flexible substrate and a flexible color filter array (CFA) technology for white OLED. The oxide TFT is successfully integrated on the flexible substrate and the fabricated display achieved wide color gamut of NTSC (in CIE u'v' space) more than 100%. Display Size 9.9" Number of Pixels 960  RGBW  540 (qHD) Pixel Size 228 m  228 m Resolution 111 ppi Number of Colors 16,777,216 Operation Scheme 2Tr Thickness 110 m 74.1L / M. Noda Late-News Paper 998 • SID 2012 DIGEST ISSN 0097-966X/12/4302-0998-$1.00

This paper reports the reduced-stress GaN epitaxial growth on Si (1 1 1) using a porous GaN interlayer which is formed from GaAs layer by a novel nitridation process. Initially a 2 μm thick GaAs layer is grown on a Si(1 1 1) substrate by MBE. Then, a GaN buffer layer of 20 nm thick is grown on the GaAs layer at 550°C in a MOVPE reactor. The GaAs layer capped with the GaN buffer layer is annealed in NH3 to 1000°C. Through this process, a porous GaN layer is formed beneath the GaN cap layer. An epitaxial GaN layer is grown on the GaN buffer layer at 1000°C in the MOVPE reactor. The epitaxial layer grown on the porous-GaN/Si(1 1 1) structure is found to have no cracks on the surface. In contrast, an epitaxial layer grown on the GaAs layer nitrated without a cap layer many cracks are found in the epilayer and the layer is sometimes peeled off from the substrate. It is found that the surface morphology of the GaN/porous-GaN/Si(1 1 1) sample is markedly improved by employing a 40 nm-thick interlayer grown at 800°C in addition to the above processes. A PL spectrum with a high intensity ratio between the excitonic emission and the deep yellow emission is obtained for the GaN/porous-GaN/Si(1 1 1) sample. E2 peak position in Raman scattering spectrum also shows a reduced stress for the GaN epilayers grown on the porous-GaN/Si(1 1 1).

BackgroundRobot-assisted radical cystectomy is becoming a common treatment for bladder carcinoma. However, in comparison with open radical cystectomy, its cost-effectiveness has not been confirmed. Although few published reviews have compared total costs between the two surgical procedures, no study has compared segmental costs and explained their impact on total costs.MethodsA systematic review was conducted based on studies on the segmental costs of open, laparoscopic, and robot-assisted radical cystectomy using PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases to provide insight into cost-effective management methods for radical cystectomy. The segmental costs included operating, robot-related, complication, and length of stay costs. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the impact of the annual number of cases on the per-case robot-related costs.ResultsWe identified two studies that compared open and laparoscopic surgeries and nine that compared open and robotic surgeries. Open radical cystectomy costs were higher than those of robotic surgeries in two retrospective single-institution studies, while robot-assisted radical cystectomy costs were higher in 1 retrospective single-institution study, 1 randomized controlled trial, and 4 large database studies. Operating costs were higher for robotic surgery, and accounted for 63.1–70.5% of the total robotic surgery cost. Sensitivity analysis revealed that robot-related costs were not a large proportion of total surgery costs in institutions with a large number of cases but accounted for a large proportion of total costs in centers with a small number of cases.ConclusionsThe results show that robot-assisted radical cystectomy is more expensive than open radical cystectomy. The most effective methods to decrease costs associated with robotic surgery include a decrease in operating time and an increase in the number of cases. Further research is required on the cost-effectiveness of surgeries, including quality measures such as quality of life and quality-adjusted life years.

Background Apps for real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) on smartphones and other devices linked to CGM systems have recently been developed, and such CGM apps are also coming into use in Japan. In comparison with conventional retrospective CGM, the use of CGM apps improves patients’ own blood glucose control, which is expected to help slow the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and prevent complications, but the effect of their introduction on medical costs remains unknown. Objective Our objective in this study was to perform an economic appraisal of CGM apps from the viewpoint of assessing public medical costs associated with type 2 DM, using the probability of developing type 2 DM–associated complications, and data on medical costs and utility value to carry out a medical cost simulation using a Markov model in order to ascertain the cost-effectiveness of the apps. Methods We developed a Markov model with the transition states of insulin therapy, nephrosis, dialysis, and cardiovascular disease, all of which have a major effect on medical costs, to identify changes in medical costs and utility values resulting from the introduction of a CGM app and calculated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Results The ICER for CGM app use was US $33,039/quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Conclusions Sensitivity analyses showed that, with the exception of conditions where the transition probability of insulin therapy, utility value, or increased medical costs increases, the ICER for the introduction of CGM apps was below the threshold of US $43,478/QALY used by the Central Social Insurance Medical Council. Our results provide basic data on the cost-effectiveness of introducing CGM apps, which are currently starting to come into use.

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